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WABUKAN article · 合気

Daitō-ryū and the way of aiki

In aikido there are no punches to trade and no championships to win, at least in most schools. There is an attack, a circular movement and a partner who ends up on the mat. This very particular way of fighting comes from a samurai school in Aizu and from one man who wanted to turn it into a path of peace.

Aizu and the palace techniques

Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu says it descends from techniques kept for centuries by the Takeda clan, which eventually settled in the Aizu domain, in today's Fukushima Prefecture. In 1644 Hoshina Masayuki became lord of Aizu and ordered his successors to study Ono-ha Ittō-ryū swordsmanship and oshikiuchi, an art made for palace counsellors and retainers, designed for fighting indoors. Historians point out that the full lineage is hard to prove. Even so, it helps explain where the pins and throws we now recognise in aikido come from.

Takeda Sōkaku, the "little tengu of Aizu"

Takeda Sōkaku (1859–1943) grew up in Aizu during the Boshin War, when the domain fought the new Meiji government. Small and feared, he was nicknamed "the little tengu of Aizu". From the late 19th century he travelled across Japan teaching police officers, soldiers and prominent people. His secret was aiki: blending with the attacker's force to unbalance him at the moment of contact. After his death his son Tokimune Takeda (1916–1993) led the school and organised its teaching system. Other students, such as Hisa Takuma and Sagawa Yukiyoshi, left lines of their own.

Takeda Sōkaku (1859–1943).
Takeda Sōkaku (1859–1943). Author: Unknown author · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Morihei Ueshiba and Ōmoto-kyō

In 1915, in Hokkaidō, Morihei Ueshiba (1883–1969) began training with Takeda. When he left the island in 1919 he met Deguchi Onisaburo, spiritual leader of Ōmoto-kyō, a Shinto-based religious movement, and moved to the group's headquarters in Ayabe, where he opened his first dōjō. In 1924 he went with Deguchi on an expedition to Mongolia that ended with both men captured by Chinese troops and sent back to Japan. This religious bond changed how Ueshiba saw his art: not as a way to destroy an opponent, but to neutralise him without harm.

In 1926 he moved to Tokyo and set up the dōjō that would become the Aikikai Hombu, the world headquarters. The name aikidō, "the way of harmony with energy", was settled around 1942. That same year Ueshiba withdrew to rural Iwama, where he trained and farmed until the mid-1950s.

Ueshiba Morihei in 1939.
Ueshiba Morihei in 1939. Author: Unknown photographer · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Techniques

The basic principles are irimi (entering the attacker's space), tenkan (turning to redirect the attack), atemi (strikes that distract or open the way) and breath control. Training attacks are grabs to the wrist or collar and hand strikes, such as the vertical strike to the head. The answers are throws, such as iriminage, and pins that bend the wrist, elbow or shoulder. Kicks are rare and kept for advanced variations. The attacker (uke) learns to fall and roll safely, and this is as much part of training as the technique itself. Many schools also train with the wooden sword (bokken) and the staff (jō).

51st All Japan Aikido Demonstration, 2013.
51st All Japan Aikido Demonstration, 2013. Author: L'oeil étranger · Licence: CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons

One art, many schools

Because Ueshiba changed his teaching over his life, students from different periods kept different versions. The first independent style was Yoseikan, by Minoru Mochizuki, in 1931. Gōzō Shioda founded Yoshinkan in 1955, a direct style widely used to train the Tokyo police. Kenji Tomiki, also a judoka, opened the Shodokan in 1967, the only major line with competition. In 1974 Kōichi Tōhei, then chief instructor at the Hombu, left after a disagreement with Kisshōmaru Ueshiba, the founder's son, and created Ki-Aikido, centred on "ki" and breathing. In Iwama, Morihiro Saitō preserved the style of the founder's later years, with a lot of weapons work.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Aikido around the world

After the war aikido left Japan. Mochizuki taught in France in the early 1950s, and in 1952 Tadashi Abe arrived as the Hombu's official representative and stayed seven years. In 1953 Tōhei spent a year in Hawaii and opened several dōjō. Today the Aikikai is led by the founder's grandson, Moriteru Ueshiba, and brings together federations from dozens of countries in the International Aikido Federation.

Students progress through kyū grades and then dan degrees, with formal tests. Many schools use only white and black belts. The hakama, the wide, dark pleated trousers, is reserved for dan grades in many dōjō, while in others everyone wears it.

Aikido's cousins

Daitō-ryū carried on alongside, split into several branches. In Takeda's line, Okuyama founded Hakkō-ryū, and one of Okuyama's students, So Dōshin, later created Shōrinji Kempō. In Korea, Choi Yong-sul said he had trained with Takeda. He told that story in two very different versions, but what he taught became hapkido.

Curiosities

Around 1875 the young Takeda set off to support Saigō Takamori's rebellion in Satsuma. He got as far as Kyūshū but could go no further, and ended up spending ten years in Osaka as a guest at the sword dōjō of Momonoi Shunzō. In aikido, often nobody "wins": partners swap roles, and whoever throws in one repetition is thrown in the next.

Timeline

  1. 1644Hoshina Masayuki, lord of Aizu, mandates oshikiuchi.
  2. 1859Takeda Sōkaku born in Aizu.
  3. 1915Ueshiba meets Takeda in Hokkaidō.
  4. 1919Ueshiba meets Deguchi Onisaburo and moves to Ayabe.
  5. 1926Ueshiba settles in Tokyo.
  6. 1931Mochizuki Minoru creates Yoseikan.
  7. 1942The name 'aikidō' is settled.
  8. 1952Tadashi Abe arrives in France.
  9. 1955Shioda Gōzō founds Yoshinkan.
  10. 1967Tomiki Kenji opens the Shodokan in Osaka.
  11. 1969Ueshiba Morihei dies.
  12. 1974Tōhei Kōichi creates Ki-Aikido.

Related arts on Wabukan

aikido aikijujutsu jujutsu

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Takeda Sōkaku ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Morihei Ueshiba ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Aikido ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Aikikai ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Yoshinkan ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Shodokan Aikido ↗
  8. Wikipedia (EN) — Ki-Aikido ↗
  9. Wikipedia (EN) — Iwama style ↗
  10. Wikipedia (EN) — Ōmoto ↗
  11. Aikikai Foundation ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.