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WABUKAN article · 內家 · 太極

The internal arts: tai chi, bagua and xingyi

Early in the morning, in a park in Shanghai or Lisbon, a group moves slowly and in sync. It looks like gentle exercise, but behind those slow gestures are fighting techniques. This is tai chi, the best known of the so-called internal arts.

Internal and external

The Chinese often divide kung fu into two families. The "external" arts, associated with Shaolin, train strength, speed and endurance. The "internal" arts, neijia, claim to start from within: breathing, relaxation, body structure and intent. The distinction first appears in writing in 1669, in an epitaph the scholar Huang Zongxi wrote for the fighter Wang Zhengnan. Some historians read that text as a political gesture: Huang opposed the Manchu Qing dynasty, and he linked the "internal" arts to Chinese Taoism and the "external" ones to Buddhism, a foreign import. In 1676 his son, Huang Baijia, compiled the oldest known manual of this group.

In the early 20th century Sun Lutang set the core of the group as three arts: tai chi, baguazhang and xingyiquan. Many lists add bajiquan. In practice the line between internal and external is blurry, and almost every style trains both.

Legends and history

The best-known legend says tai chi was created by Zhang Sanfeng, a Taoist immortal of the Wudang Mountains. Historians are sceptical: the first link between Zhang Sanfeng and martial arts is that same 1669 epitaph, and the others only appear in the 19th century. What is documented is that the practice developed during the Ming–Qing transition in Chen village and nearby Zhaobao village, in Henan. Some of its terminology seems to come from the "Classic of Pugilism" by the 16th-century general Qi Jiguang.

Tai chi and its families

Tradition credits Chen Wangting with systematising tai chi in the 17th century. In the 19th century Yang Luchan learned it in Chen village and took it to Beijing; his Yang style, broad and even, is the most practised today. From the Yang came the more compact Wu style, passed on by Wu Jianquan. Another line produced the Wu/Hao style and, from it, Sun style. Before the mid-19th century outsiders called the art names like "cotton boxing" or "the thirteen techniques"; the name taijiquan only became common in the early 20th century.

In 1912 the Beijing Physical Education Research Institute published the "Taijiquan Classics", and masters such as Yang Chengfu, Wu Jianquan and Sun Lutang began teaching classes open to the public. In 1928 Chen Fake showed Beijing the Chen family version, with bursts of power and spirals. In 1956 the Chinese government created a simplified 24-movement form, which spread tai chi as a health exercise.

Chen Fake (1887–1957), who took Chen style to Beijing.
Chen Fake (1887–1957), who took Chen style to Beijing. Author: unknown, copyright expired · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Yang Chengfu demonstrating Single Whip.
Yang Chengfu demonstrating Single Whip. Author: Unknown author · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

How it is trained

The foundation is the form: a long sequence, done slowly, that teaches you to move the body as one unit. Then comes tuishou, "push hands", where two partners try to unbalance each other while keeping contact and sensitivity. Later come striking applications, throws, free sparring and weapons such as the straight sword (jian), the sabre and the spear. The classic tai chi texts quote the I Ching, Zhuangzi and Mencius, and the link to Taoism was strongly emphasised from the late Qing dynasty on.

Bagua, xingyi and baji

Baguazhang is credited to Dong Haichuan, who in the early 19th century is said to have learned from Taoist and Buddhist masters in the mountains, and later taught for many years in Beijing, eventually winning patronage from the court. Its signature training is "walking the circle": the practitioner walks around a point, changing direction with quick twisting palm changes. His students included Yin Fu and Cheng Tinghua.

Xingyiquan is the opposite: it advances in a straight line with short, powerful strikes organised by the five Chinese elements and completed by animal-inspired forms. Legend credits it to the Song dynasty general Yue Fei, but there is no evidence for this; the first written records date from the 18th century, from Ma Xueli in Henan and Dai Longbang in Shanxi. It may have grown out of military spear techniques.

Sun Lutang (1860–1933) studied all three arts and wrote in 1915 that they formed a single whole. Bajiquan, from Hebei, is related, with short-range shoulder and elbow strikes; one of its most famous names was Li Shuwen.

Sun Lutang in 1930.
Sun Lutang in 1930. Author: Unknown author · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Tai chi today

Tai chi left China early. Choy Hok Pang, a student of Yang Chengfu, was the first known teacher to teach it openly in the United States, from 1939, and Cheng Man-ch'ing opened a school in New York in 1964 with a simplified version of Yang style. Today it is practised worldwide, both as a martial art and as health exercise, and sport wushu has tai chi form events. In 2020 UNESCO inscribed tai chi on the list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Outdoor tai chi in Kowloon, Hong Kong, 2009.
Outdoor tai chi in Kowloon, Hong Kong, 2009. Author: Jakub Hałun · Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Curiosities

The internal arts are a classic theme of wuxia novels and films, where the heroes almost always come from Wudang. And in China the name "Wudang" is used to set these arts apart from Shaolin, even when they have no real link to those mountains.

Timeline

  1. 1669Huang Zongxi distinguishes internal and external arts.
  2. 1676Huang Baijia compiles the Neijia Quanfa.
  3. 17th c.Tradition: Chen Wangting systematises tai chi in Chen village.
  4. 19th c.Yang Luchan teaches tai chi in Beijing; Dong Haichuan spreads baguazhang.
  5. 1912The Taijiquan Classics are published in Beijing.
  6. 1915Sun Lutang writes on the unity of the three internal arts.
  7. 1928Chen Fake starts teaching in Beijing.
  8. 1939Choy Hok Pang teaches tai chi in the US.
  9. 1956The simplified 24-movement form is created.
  10. 2020Tai chi inscribed as UNESCO Intangible Heritage.

Related arts on Wabukan

tai-chi baguazhang xingyiquan bajiquan kung-fu

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Neijia ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Tai chi ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Chen-style tai chi ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Yang-style tai chi ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Wu-style tai chi ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Sun-style tai chi ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Baguazhang ↗
  8. Wikipedia (EN) — Xingyiquan ↗
  9. Wikipedia (EN) — Bajiquan ↗
  10. UNESCO — Taijiquan ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.