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Brazilian jiu-jitsu: from the Gracies to MMA

A Japanese fighter reaches the Amazon, teaches a boy from Belém and, seventy years later, that boy's descendants change how the world sees fighting. This is the story of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, of vale tudo and of the birth of MMA.

"Conde Koma"

Mitsuyo Maeda (1878–1941) was a student of the Kōdōkan, Jigorō Kanō's judo school. In the early 20th century he travelled the world giving demonstrations and fighting opponents from many styles, earning the nickname "Conde Koma". He reached Porto Alegre in November 1914 and, in December 1915, gave his first demonstration in Belém do Pará, at the Theatro Politheama. He settled in Brazil and died in Belém in 1941.

In Belém, Maeda taught the young Carlos Gracie. At the time, in Brazil, what we would now call judo was known as "jiu-jitsu". Hélio Gracie himself said in a 1994 interview that he did not even know the word "judo" until the sport reached Brazil in the 1950s, because Maeda called what he taught "jiu-jitsu". Hence the name that stuck.

The Gracie academy

In 1925 Carlos opened an academy in Rio de Janeiro with his brothers. The youngest, Hélio Gracie, was slight and in poor health. Family tradition says that, unable to do the techniques by strength, he kept adjusting them to work through leverage and good position, especially on the ground. This produced BJJ's central idea: a smaller person can beat a bigger one by taking the fight to the ground and controlling it. Alongside the Gracies there was another important line, that of Luiz França and Oswaldo Fadda, whose students became famous for footlocks; teams such as Nova União descend from it.

Hélio Gracie in 1952.
Hélio Gracie in 1952. Author: Unknown · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Challenges and vale tudo

To prove their method, the Gracies challenged fighters from other styles. In 1951, at the Maracanã, Hélio faced the Japanese champion Masahiko Kimura. Kimura won with a reverse arm lock, gyaku-ude-garami, which has been called the "kimura" ever since. In 1955 Hélio was challenged by Valdemar Santana, a former student of the academy; the fight lasted almost four hours and ended with Hélio knocked out and his corner throwing in the towel.

The term "vale tudo" ("anything goes") only became popular in 1959–1960, with a Rio TV show called "Heróis do Ringue" ("Heroes of the Ring"), which pitted fighters of different styles against each other. Rio's great rivalry was between jiu-jitsu and luta livre, a no-gi submission style created by Euclydes Hatem, "Mestre Tatu", from catch wrestling. In 1980 and 1984 Rickson Gracie filled the Maracanãzinho against the fighter "Rei Zulu". In 1991 the event "Desafio: Jiu-Jitsu vs Luta Livre" took that rivalry to television.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Techniques

BJJ shares many techniques with judo and with older jūjutsu schools that valued groundwork, but it followed its own path. The centre of the fight is the guard: the fighter on his back controls the opponent with his legs and from there sweeps (reverses the position) or submits. Unlike judo and wrestling, "pulling guard" is allowed, taking the opponent to the ground without throwing him. Dominant positions, such as the mount and back control, score points. Submission wins come from chokes and joint locks. In tournaments the most dangerous leg locks, such as the heel hook, are only allowed in certain divisions and without the gi.

It is practised in a gi or without one (no-gi), in a rash guard. Without the gi you cannot grip clothing, and the fight becomes faster and more slippery.

An armbar in a gi jiu-jitsu competition.
An armbar in a gi jiu-jitsu competition. Author: parhessiastes · Licence: CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons

The leap to the world

Rorion Gracie moved to the United States in the 1970s and, with businessman Art Davie, created the UFC. The first edition took place on 12 November 1993 in Denver, as a tournament to find out which art worked best. There were only three rules: no biting, no eye gouging and no groin strikes. The winner was Rorion's brother, Royce Gracie, slight and wearing a gi, who in the final submitted Gerard Gordeau with a rear naked choke. The impact was huge: within a few years every fighter knew he had to be able to fight on the ground.

In Japan the Vale Tudo Japan tournament began in 1994, and Rickson won the 1994 and 1995 editions. In 1997 PRIDE was created to match him against the Japanese fighter Nobuhiko Takada. Modern MMA grew out of these events.

Royce Gracie giving a Gracie Jiu-Jitsu seminar.
Royce Gracie giving a Gracie Jiu-Jitsu seminar. Author: MartialArtsNomad.com · Licence: CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Jiu-jitsu today

At the same time, jiu-jitsu grew as a sport of its own, with world championships since 1996 and, without the gi, the ADCC tournament, created in Abu Dhabi in 1998. The IBJJF runs the best-known tournaments; other bodies, such as the SJJIF, want to bring jiu-jitsu to the Olympics. Major teams include Gracie Barra, Gracie Humaitá, Carlson Gracie and Alliance.

The adult belt system goes from white to blue, purple, brown and black, and it is one of the slowest in martial arts: reaching black can take a decade. Some schools add a green belt between white and blue because of the long gaps between promotions.

Curiosities

The first jiu-jitsu federation was the Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Guanabara, which is still Rio de Janeiro's regional federation. And the referee of UFC 1, João Alberto Barreto, came straight from Rio's vale tudo world, where he had fought on "Heróis do Ringue".

Timeline

  1. 1914Maeda Mitsuyo arrives in Brazil.
  2. 1915Maeda's first demonstration in Belém.
  3. 1925Gracie academy opens in Rio de Janeiro.
  4. 1951Hélio Gracie loses to Kimura Masahiko at the Maracanã.
  5. 1955Hélio Gracie and Valdemar Santana fight for almost four hours.
  6. 1959–60The show Heróis do Ringue popularises vale tudo.
  7. 1993UFC 1 in Denver; Royce Gracie wins.
  8. 1994First Vale Tudo Japan; Rickson Gracie wins.
  9. 1996First jiu-jitsu World Championship in Rio.
  10. 1998First ADCC in Abu Dhabi.

Related arts on Wabukan

bjj vale-tudo luta-livre mma judo catch-wrestling

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Brazilian jiu-jitsu ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Gracie family ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Hélio Gracie ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Mitsuyo Maeda ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Vale tudo ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Luta Livre ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — UFC 1 ↗
  8. Wikipedia (EN) — ADCC ↗
  9. IBJJF ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.