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Capoeira: from slave quarters to a worldwide roda

A berimbau starts to play, the circle sings and two capoeiristas step into the centre. They spin, dodge and throw kicks that pass within inches. Capoeira is fight, dance and music at once — and it was born of resistance.

African roots in colonial Brazil

Capoeira took shape in colonial Brazil among enslaved Africans and their descendants, mainly in Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and Recife. Its exact origin is debated: there are no early documents, and its practitioners left no written records. Some look for roots in Angolan games such as engolo, a kicking combat dance. Others stress that the art as we know it is a Brazilian creation, born from the mix of different African peoples.

The prints of the German painter Johann Moritz Rugendas, published in 1835, already show the circle, the drum and two men face to face. They are among the oldest known images.

Capoeira in Bahia, after Rugendas (1835).
Capoeira in Bahia, after Rugendas (1835). Author: Johann Moritz Rugendas · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Gangs and persecution

In 19th-century Rio de Janeiro, capoeira was linked to street gangs, the maltas, such as the Nagoas and the Guaiamuns, who fought over neighbourhoods and were used by politicians. For the authorities, capoeira meant disorder. After the abolition of slavery (1888), the Penal Code of 1890 explicitly banned it, and capoeiristas were jailed and deported. The art survived in secret, in streets, ports and Bahian festivals, and near-legendary figures such as Besouro Mangangá emerged.

Bimba and Pastinha

In 1932 Mestre Bimba (Manuel dos Reis Machado, 1899–1974) opened the first academy in Salvador and created Capoeira Regional: faster and more direct, with teaching sequences, linked strikes and grades. In 1937 his school was officially recognised, and capoeira began to enter clubs, schools and barracks.

In response, Mestre Pastinha (Vicente Ferreira Pastinha, 1889–1981) founded the Capoeira Angola Sports Centre in 1941, defending Capoeira Angola: lower, slower, more ritual and closer to tradition. In 1964 he published a book on his capoeira. Many groups today practise a synthesis, called contemporary.

'Jogar capoëra ou danse de la guerre', Rugendas.
'Jogar capoëra ou danse de la guerre', Rugendas. Author: Johann Moritz Rugendas · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

The roda and the music

In capoeira you do not "fight", you "play". The game takes place inside the roda, a circle of practitioners who clap and sing. The orchestra, the bateria, is led by the berimbau, a one-string musical bow with a gourd; there are usually three (gunga, médio and viola), joined by pandeiro, atabaque, agogô and reco-reco. The rhythm played sets the type of game: slow and low, or fast and high. The songs, in Portuguese, tell of masters, slavery and street cunning.

A capoeira roda at an Intangible Heritage celebration.
A capoeira roda at an Intangible Heritage celebration. Author: Secretaria Especial da Cultura do Ministério da Cidadania · Licence: CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Movements

The base is the ginga, a constant side-to-side sway that never lets the body stand still. From it come circular kicks such as the meia-lua de compasso and the armada, straight kicks like the bênção, sweeps, head-butts and acrobatics such as the aú (cartwheel). Evasions matter as much as attacks: a good capoeirista deceives, makes the other fall and shows he could have landed.

Capoeira today

In 2008 capoeira was registered as Brazilian cultural heritage and, in 2014, UNESCO inscribed the capoeira circle as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Many groups use coloured cords as grades and hold a batizado, the ceremony in which a student receives the first cord. It is now played in almost every country, and the Portuguese of the songs travels with it.

Curiosities

Capoeiristas receive an apelido, a roda nickname. Mestre Bimba and Mestre Pastinha are themselves capoeira names. And most students learn to play the instruments and sing before they learn to play the game.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Timeline

  1. 18th c.Enslaved Africans practise capoeira in Brazil.
  2. 1888Abolition of slavery in Brazil.
  3. 1890The Penal Code bans capoeira.
  4. 1932Mestre Bimba opens the first academy (Regional).
  5. 1941Mestre Pastinha founds the Capoeira Angola Centre.
  6. 2008Registered as Brazilian cultural heritage.
  7. 2014Capoeira circle: UNESCO Intangible Heritage.

Related arts on Wabukan

capoeira engolo

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Capoeira ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Capoeira Angola ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Capoeira regional ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Mestre Pastinha ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Mestre Bimba ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Berimbau ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Johann Moritz Rugendas ↗
  8. UNESCO — Capoeira circle ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.