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From medieval swordsmanship to Olympic foil

In a gym, two masked practitioners with steel longswords exchange blows following a manuscript from the early 15th century. In the next room, two Olympic fencers wired to an electric scoring box touch each other with foils. Six centuries separate them, but they come from the same family.

The fight books

Europe had martial arts of its own, taught by masters who left illustrated books, the Fechtbücher ("fencing books"). The oldest known is the I.33 manuscript, from around 1300, also called the "Tower Fechtbuch". It shows a sword-and-buckler method (a buckler is a small hand shield) unlike almost everything that came later, and its figures are a priest, a scholar and a woman named Walpurgis.

The German school

In Germany, the school of Johannes Liechtenauer was recorded in verse from 1389 onwards, in a manuscript associated with Hanko Döbringer. The verses were short and cryptic, and other masters wrote glosses to explain them. His followers included Hans Talhoffer and Paulus Kal, whose books show longsword, wrestling (Ringen), dagger and even judicial duels.

The 16th century brought large compendia, some of them printed: those of Paulus Hector Mair in the 1540s and of Joachim Meyer in the 1570s. Meyer was a cutler and a "free fencer" (Freifechter) in Strasbourg. In 1570 he published a multi-weapon treatise that made him famous but left him deep in debt.

A page from a Fechtbuch by Hans Talhoffer (15th century).
A page from a Fechtbuch by Hans Talhoffer (15th century). Author: Hans Talhoffer · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Fiore and the Italian school

Fiore dei Liberi was born around 1350 in Cividale del Friuli and died after 1409. He was a knight, diplomat and itinerant fencing master. In the early 15th century he wrote "The Flower of Battle" (Fior di Battaglia), which covers unarmed grappling, dagger, one- and two-handed sword, pole weapons, armoured combat and mounted combat. Several versions survive. The briefest is dated 1409, and two are dedicated to Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara. One copy is now in the Getty Museum in Los Angeles.

Fiore's method arranges techniques in figures with roles: the master shows the guard or technique, and the "contrary" shows how to counter it. Later the Bolognese school, with Antonio Manciolino and Achille Marozzo, and masters such as Ridolfo Capo Ferro (1610) moved fencing towards the rapier and the thrust.

A page from Fiore dei Liberi's treatise (c. 1404).
A page from Fiore dei Liberi's treatise (c. 1404). Author: Fiore Furlan dei Liberi da Premariacco (Italian, about 1340/1350 - before 1450) (1340 - 14 · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Iberian destreza

In the Iberian Peninsula, destreza treated sword fighting as geometry. Its founder, Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza, published in 1582 and is called "the father of destreza". Luis Pacheco de Narváez developed it in works of 1600 and 1632. In Portugal, jogo do pau is a living relative of these armed traditions.

From the street to the piste

When armour disappeared, the sword became a civilian and duelling weapon. In the 18th century the French school became the Western European standard. Domenico Angelo, an Italian teaching in England, even published his L'École des Armes (1763) in French, and the text was chosen for the "Escrime" entry of Diderot's Encyclopédie.

For safe training the foil appeared, with right-of-way rules: whoever attacks first has priority. The épée kept the spirit of the duel, and the whole body is a target. The sabre came from the cavalry and allows cutting blows. All three weapons have been at the Olympics since 1896. At Paris 2024, fencing was held in the Grand Palais.

Erwann Le Péchoux v Gerek Meinhardt at the Melun foil Masters, 2014.
Erwann Le Péchoux v Gerek Meinhardt at the Melun foil Masters, 2014. Author: Marie-Lan Nguyen · Licence: CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

The HEMA revival

As early as the 19th century some wanted to bring old weapons back. The English soldier and writer Alfred Hutton, who learned fencing at the school founded by Angelo, published Cold Steel, a treatise on the military sabre, in 1889. In the 1890s he gave demonstrations with Egerton Castle of reconstructed systems, such as those of George Silver and Marozzo.

From the 1990s, groups of researchers and practitioners began rebuilding the old arts directly from the treatises. This is HEMA (Historical European Martial Arts). Today people train with steel or nylon simulators, masks and protective gear, and there are longsword, sabre and rapier tournaments in many countries.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Curiosities

In the last two sequences of I.33 it is Walpurgis who leads, finishing with a shield strike and a blow to the head of the priest, the master of the whole manuscript. From the late 15th century, Germany had fencing "brotherhoods" (Fechtbruderschaften) that organised teaching. And since the late 1990s translations of the treatises have appeared in print and online, so any HEMA practitioner can study the sources directly.

Timeline

  1. c. 1300The I.33 manuscript, the oldest known Fechtbuch.
  2. 1389Döbringer manuscript: Liechtenauer's German school.
  3. c. 1404Fiore dei Liberi writes the Flower of Battle.
  4. 1570Joachim Meyer publishes his treatise in Strasbourg.
  5. 1582Carranza publishes the basis of Spanish destreza.
  6. 1763Domenico Angelo publishes L'École des Armes.
  7. 1889Alfred Hutton publishes Cold Steel.
  8. 1896Fencing at the first modern Olympics.
  9. 1990sThe HEMA reconstruction movement emerges.
  10. 2024Fencing at the Paris Games, in the Grand Palais.

Related arts on Wabukan

hema fencing jogo-do-pau canne-de-combat

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Historical European martial arts ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Fiore dei Liberi ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — German school of swordsmanship ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Destreza ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Foil (fencing) ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Épée ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Sabre (fencing) ↗
  8. Wikipedia (EN) — Fencing at the 2024 Summer Olympics ↗
  9. Getty Museum — Fior di Battaglia ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.