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Eskrima, arnis and kali: the Filipino arts

In the Philippines you learn with weapons first and only later with empty hands. The logic is simple: the same angle of attack works for a stick, a knife or a punch. The art has three names, eskrima, arnis and kali, and many schools.

An island heritage

Before the Spanish arrived, Filipinos were known for their skill with dagger and broadsword, and each people had its own name for the art: kaliradman for the Cebuanos, pagaradman for the Ilonggos, sinawali ("to weave") for the Kapampangans, calis or pananandata ("use of weapons") for the Tagalogs. The names "eskrima" and "arnis" come from Spanish (esgrima, arnés), a sign of more than three centuries of colonial rule.

In 1521 Ferdinand Magellan died at the Battle of Mactan at the hands of the forces of the chief Lapu-Lapu. Many practitioners say Magellan was killed in a sword fight, but historical evidence does not support that version. Curiously, Spanish reports barely describe any native fighting system. The art's early history is therefore hard to reconstruct, and for a long time it passed from family to family in the villages.

Eskrima training weapons.
Eskrima training weapons. Author: ? · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

The principles

The weapon is seen as an extension of the body, so the same angles and footwork work with or without a weapon, an idea often called "motion grouping". Training usually starts with rattan sticks, a cheap Southeast Asian cane that replaced blades. People train with one stick, with two (sinawali, woven two-handed patterns), with sword and dagger (espada y daga) and with the knife.

The hand not holding a weapon is the live hand: it controls, traps or disarms the opponent's weapon and helps with blocks and locks. Most schools explain footwork in triangles: the feet occupy two corners and the step goes to the third, without ever crossing the legs. Range is divided into long, medium and short, and at short range you strike with the live hand or the butt of the stick.

Doce Pares and the Cebu schools

Organised systems appeared in the 20th century. In Cebu, Doce Pares was founded in 1932. Its name comes from Charlemagne's Twelve Peers, a legend the Spanish brought to the Philippines through popular literature and theatre. The twelve founding masters included Lorenzo Saavedra, regarded as Cebu's finest eskrimador, and members of the Cañete family. Teodoro Saavedra, Lorenzo's nephew, was a guerrilla fighter in the Second World War and was captured and killed by Japanese forces.

Ciriaco "Cacoy" Cañete, who was about 12 when the club was founded, systematised the techniques in the 1950s based on real fights, and died in 2016. His nephew Dionisio Cañete created competition rules and armour, which led to the WEKAF federation in 1987. With Dionisio's death in 2021, only one Doce Pares Supreme Grandmaster remained, Danny Guba. The same milieu produced Venancio Bacon's Balintawak, focused on a single stick and short counters.

A bout at an eskrima tournament, with helmets and protection.
A bout at an eskrima tournament, with helmets and protection. Author: Leticia Barletta · Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Remy Presas and Modern Arnis

Remy Presas (1936–2001) was born in Hinigaran, on the island of Negros, and studied Balintawak among other styles. He began teaching his Modern Arnis in 1966. In 1969 he introduced it to public and private school teachers, and in 1970 he founded the International Modern Arnis Federation. In 1974 he left the Philippines and took the art to the United States, where he became known simply as "the Professor". He entered the Black Belt magazine Hall of Fame in 1982 and died in Victoria, Canada.

Remy Presas, creator of Modern Arnis.
Remy Presas, creator of Modern Arnis. Author: Robert James DeMott · Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Filipino arts today

Pekiti-Tirsia Kali, of the Tortal family, was taught by Leo Gaje to military and police forces. Outside the Philippines the art became famous thanks to several Hollywood films and to masters such as Dan Inosanto.

In 1972 the Philippine government included Filipino martial arts in national sports. Arnis entered the National Games (Palarong Pambansa) in 2006 and, in 2009, law RA 9850 declared it the national martial art and sport of the Philippines. Today competitors use head and hand protection with rattan or padded sticks.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Curiosities

In rural areas of the Philippines, carrying a work knife such as the bolo or itak was a sign that you made your living on the land, so the weapon was part of daily life. And the most traditional schools, designed for the battlefield, use very low stances, sometimes with one knee on the ground, and cross-steps to face several opponents.

Timeline

  1. 1521Lapu-Lapu defeats Magellan at Mactan.
  2. 1932Doce Pares club founded in Cebu.
  3. 1950sVenancio Bacon creates Balintawak.
  4. 1951Cacoy Cañete adds aikido and judo to eskrima: «Eskrido» is born.
  5. 1957Leo Gaje takes Pekiti-Tirsia beyond the family.
  6. 1966Remy Presas begins teaching Modern Arnis.
  7. 1987The WEKAF competition federation is founded.
  8. 2009Arnis declared national martial art and sport.

Related arts on Wabukan

eskrima sikaran kajukenbo

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Eskrima ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Balintawak Eskrima ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Doce Pares ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Modern Arnis ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Pekiti-Tirsia Kali ↗
  6. Republic Act No. 9850 (2009) ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.