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WABUKAN article · 합기도 · 合氣道

Hapkido: the aiki that crossed the sea

Wrist locks and circular throws, but also high kicks and fast strikes: hapkido looks like a Korean aikido with more weapons in its arsenal. The resemblance is no accident. The characters of the name are the same (合氣道), and the story begins with a Korean boy taken to Japan.

Choi Yong-sul

Choi Yong-sul (1904–1986) spent his childhood and youth in Japan, while Korea was under Japanese rule. By his own account, he was taken from his home village in 1912 by a Japanese merchant who wanted to adopt him, and later trained for years with Takeda Sōkaku, the master of Daitō-ryū. That story is disputed in Daitō-ryū circles. Kondō Katsuyuki, head of the main line, published a page of Takeda's student register bearing Choi's name, which proves he trained with him, at least for a while. Some scholars think most of his training came from Yoshida Kotarō.

After the Second World War, Choi returned to Korea and settled in Daegu. In 1948 a fight over grain at a brewery impressed the owner's son, Seo Bok-seob, who invited him to teach the employees in a makeshift dojang. Seo, already a judo black belt, became his first student.

Portrait of Choi Yong-sul (1904–1986).
Portrait of Choi Yong-sul (1904–1986). Author: Tokaria · Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

From yukwonsul to hapkido

In 1951 Choi and Seo opened the first formal school, the Daehan Hapki Yukwonsul Dojang. The name was shortened to "hapkido" in the late 1950s, and in 1958 Choi opened his own school under the new name. Among the first students was Ji Han-jae, who began training in 1949 and opened a school in Seoul in 1957, the Sung Moo Kwan. Ji added the kicks and punches of Korean arts to Choi's locks and throws.

In 1961 Kim Moo-hong spent eight months training with Ji in Seoul, and together they fixed hapkido's kicking curriculum: kicks to high targets, spinning and jumping kicks, none of which were part of Choi's original system. This blend of self-defence, leverage, kicks and weapons gave hapkido its identity.

Techniques

Hapkido combines joint locks, chokes, throws, kicks and punches. At long range it uses jumping kicks and hand strikes; up close, pressure-point strikes, locks and throws. It also teaches traditional weapons, whose emphasis varies from school to school: knife, sword, rope, nunchaku, cane (ji pang ee), short stick (dan bong), middle staff (joong bong) and long staff. Over time Choi's disciples borrowed kicks from taekkyeon and tang soo do, and throws and groundwork from judo.

Presidential guards and cinema

In 1963 the Korea Kido Association was formed, with Choi as titular chairman. Ji, who by 1965 was instructor to the presidential guard at the Blue House, founded the Korea Hapkido Association that year. In 1973 he merged it with the associations of Kim Moo-hong and Myung Jae-nam, creating the Republic of Korea Hapkido Association. After President Park Chung-hee was assassinated in 1979, Ji lost that post.

Hapkido became famous in the cinema. Ji appears in "Lady Kung-fu" and in "Game of Death", in a long fight against Bruce Lee. Han Bong-soo, a student of Ji, staged the fights in the American film "Billy Jack", praised as some of the most realistic of their time.

Choi Yong-sul and Lim Hyun-soo at the Jungkikwan.
Choi Yong-sul and Lim Hyun-soo at the Jungkikwan. Author: Jungkikwan-hq · Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Branches and relatives

Ji emigrated and in 1984 created Sin Moo Hapkido in the United States. After Choi's death in 1986 he claimed that he had founded Korean hapkido, a claim other students dispute. Choi had already chosen Chang Chin-il as successor, giving him the title of doju ("keeper of the way") in 1985. Chang taught in New York and died in 2018. In 1990 the American John Pellegrini presented Combat Hapkido, more focused on modern self-defence.

In Japan, Okuyama Ryūhō, another former Daitō-ryū student, had created Hakkō-ryū in 1941, a Japanese cousin of this family. In Korea, Seo In-hyuk's Kuk Sool Won and Lee Joo-bang's Hwa Rang Do also came out of the hapkido world. Hwa Rang Do presents itself as heir to the ancient hwarang warriors.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Curiosities

Ji Han-jae died on 28 January 2026, aged 89. In 2017 he was reunited in New York with Angela Mao, his co-star. And according to Seo Bok-seob, in a 1980 interview, the eagle symbol now used by many schools was introduced by the Jung Moo Kwan school.

Timeline

  1. 1904Choi Yong-sul born.
  2. 1941Okuyama Ryūhō founds Hakkō-ryū in Japan.
  3. 1945Choi returns to Korea and settles in Daegu.
  4. 1948Choi starts teaching in Daegu; Seo Bok-seob is his first student.
  5. 1951The Daehan Hapki Yukwonsul Dojang, the first formal school, opens.
  6. 1960The Lee brothers present Hwa Rang Do.
  7. 1961Ji Han-jae and Kim Moo-hong fix the kicking curriculum.
  8. 1984Ji Han-jae creates Sin Moo Hapkido.
  9. 1990John Pellegrini launches Combat Hapkido.

Related arts on Wabukan

hapkido hwa-rang-do aikijujutsu kuk-sool-won

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Hapkido ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Choi Yong-sool ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Ji Han-jae ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Sin Moo Hapkido ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Combat Hapkido ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Hakkō-ryū ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Hwa Rang Do ↗
  8. Wikipedia (KO) — 합기도 ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.