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WABUKAN article · 居合道

Iaido: the art of drawing the sword

A kneeling practitioner, perfectly still. Suddenly, in one motion, the sword leaves the scabbard and cuts. Then the blade is cleaned and slowly sheathed again. Iaido trains exactly this moment: answering an attack with the sword still in its scabbard.

Hayashizaki Jinsuke

Tradition credits the creation of this art to Hayashizaki Jinsuke Shigenobu, in the 16th century. Little about his life is certain: stories say he took up the sword to avenge his father and that, after long training at a shrine, he found how to win by drawing and cutting in a single action. Whatever part is legend, almost every sword-drawing school regards him as founder.

The Tosa schools

Hayashizaki's lines were preserved in the Tosa domain, on the island of Shikoku. One of the successors, Hasegawa Eishin, gave his name to the tradition. In the early 20th century Ōe Masaji (1852–1927) reorganised the teaching and began calling his line Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū, today one of the most practised schools in the world. In the same period Nakayama Hakudō, a great kendo master, organised Musō Shinden-ryū, closely related and also widespread.

An iaido practitioner.
An iaido practitioner. Author: Sensei_iaido.jpg: Varencor derivative work: MichaelFrey (talk) · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

From technique to way

The name changed from iaijutsu (technique) to iaidō (way) when, without wars, the aim became concentration, precision and self-control. It is trained alone, with forms (kata) against imaginary opponents. Unlike kendo, there is no free fighting: the opponent exists only in the practitioner's mind, and the form must be so clear that an onlooker can see where he is and what he did.

The four phases of a form

Almost every form follows four phases. Nukitsuke is the draw, often already a cut; kiritsuke is the decisive cut; chiburi is the gesture that symbolically shakes blood off the blade; and nōtō is the slow, controlled return of the sword to the scabbard. Many forms start seated, in formal kneeling (seiza) or with one knee raised (tatehiza), because that is how people sat indoors in old Japan.

Equipment

Practitioners wear keikogi and hakama, with the belt (obi) holding the scabbard. Beginners use a wooden sword or an iaitō, an unsharpened metal-alloy replica; senior grades may train with a real sword. Care of the blade and etiquette — bowing to the dojo, the sword and the teacher — are part of training.

The common forms and competition

In 1969 a committee of the All Japan Kendo Federation created a set of common forms (seitei iai), so that practitioners of different schools could be graded the same way. The set has grown and now has twelve forms. It is used in gradings by kendo federations worldwide and in competitions, where two practitioners perform side by side and three judges pick the better one with flags, assessing technique and attitude.

Iaido 1st dan grading in Dublin, 2024.
Iaido 1st dan grading in Dublin, 2024. Author: JTs · Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Neighbouring arts

Alongside iaido there is battōdō, which adds cutting real targets (tameshigiri), usually rolled straw mats, to drawing forms. And many old sword schools (koryū) include iai forms within a broader kenjutsu curriculum.

Curiosities

In a grading, judges often watch the nōtō and the practitioner's gaze more than the cut: calm after the action shows whether the form was understood. And zanshin, the awareness that continues after the cut, matters as much in iaido as in kyūdō.

Family of branches

  • Hayashizaki Jinsuke
Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Timeline

  1. 16th c.Hayashizaki Jinsuke creates iaijutsu (tradition).
  2. 18th c.Tosa lines: origin of Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū.
  3. 20th c.Ōe Masaji names Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū.
  4. 1930sNakayama Hakudō founds Musō Shinden-ryū.
  5. 1969The kendo federation creates the common forms (Seitei).

Related arts on Wabukan

iaido battodo kenjutsu

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Iaido ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Musō Shinden-ryū ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Hayashizaki Jinsuke Shigenobu ↗
  5. All Japan Kendo Federation ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.