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From jūjutsu to judo: winning by giving way

Judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, sambo and much of MMA share one root: the grappling schools of the samurai, which Japan called jūjutsu — "the gentle technique". This is the story of how a slightly built teacher turned that heritage into a sport practised all over the world.

Fighting without a sword

In feudal Japan a warrior could lose his sword mid-battle. For that moment there were techniques for gripping, throwing, pinning and locking joints, taught inside closed schools called ryū. During the peaceful Edo period (1603–1868) these schools multiplied, each with its own secrets, scrolls and line of masters. Takenouchi-ryū, founded in 1532, is usually counted among the oldest.

"Gentle" did not mean weak. The idea was to give way to an opponent's force and turn it against him instead of meeting it head-on.

The end of the samurai

With the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan opened to the West and abolished the samurai class. The old schools lost students and standing; jūjutsu came to look old-fashioned, sometimes linked to street brawls and sideshows.

Kanō Jigorō (1860–1938), founder of judo.
Kanō Jigorō (1860–1938), founder of judo. Author: Fotógrafo desconhecido / unknown (retouched: Michael Hultström) · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Kanō Jigorō and the Kōdōkan

Into this world came a young Tokyo student, Kanō Jigorō (1860–1938), who took up jūjutsu to build his confidence. He trained first in Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū, strong on pins and strikes, then in Kitō-ryū, a throwing specialist. In 1882, with a handful of students and borrowed space in a Buddhist temple, he opened his own centre: the Kōdōkan.

Kanō removed the most dangerous techniques from free practice, built a teaching method and gave it a new name: jūdō, "the gentle way". Swapping jutsu (technique) for dō (way) mattered: for him judo was above all physical and moral education. He summed it up in two maxims — maximum efficiency with minimum effort, and mutual welfare.

His big innovation was randori, free sparring against a resisting partner. Rather than only repeating set forms, students tested techniques for real, safely. The kyū and dan grades, and the black belt, were also born at the Kōdōkan.

Branches from the trunk

Japan's higher schools developed kosen judo, with rules that rewarded groundwork. Elsewhere, Ōtsuka Hironori blended his Shindō Yōshin-ryū with Funakoshi's karate to create Wadō-ryū. In London around 1899, Edward Barton-Wright mixed jūjutsu, boxing, savate and stick fighting into Bartitsu.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Judo goes global

Kanō sent students abroad. One of them, Maeda Mitsuyo, left Japan in 1904 and spent years fighting across the United States, Europe and Latin America. He settled in Belém, Brazil, where he taught a young Carlos Gracie. The Gracie family adapted what they learned to ground fighting and no-rules bouts — vale tudo — and so Brazilian jiu-jitsu was born, showing its strength much later at the first UFC in 1993.

Maeda Mitsuyo (c. 1910), who took judo to Brazil.
Maeda Mitsuyo (c. 1910), who took judo to Brazil. Author: Autor desconhecido / unknown · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

In the Soviet Union, Vasili Oshchepkov, a Kōdōkan student, brought judo to Moscow; blended with the region's folk wrestling it became sambo, officially recognised in 1938.

In 1909 Kanō himself became the first Asian member of the International Olympic Committee. The dream came true at Tokyo 1964, when judo joined the Games — and Dutchman Anton Geesink, winning the open category, proved the art no longer belonged to Japan alone.

Timeline

  1. 1532Takenouchi-ryū founded, one of the oldest jūjutsu schools.
  2. 1868Meiji Restoration: end of the samurai class.
  3. 1882Kanō Jigorō opens the Kōdōkan in Tokyo.
  4. 1899Bartitsu in London.
  5. 1904Maeda Mitsuyo leaves Japan.
  6. 1909Kanō becomes the first Asian IOC member.
  7. 1938Sambo recognised in the USSR; Kanō dies.
  8. 1964Judo debuts at the Tokyo Olympics.
  9. 1993First UFC: Brazilian jiu-jitsu in the spotlight.

Related arts on Wabukan

jujutsu judo bjj sambo bartitsu vale-tudo mma luta-livre

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Jujutsu ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Judo ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Kanō Jigorō ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Kitō-ryū ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Kosen judo ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Mitsuyo Maeda ↗
  8. Wikipedia (EN) — Brazilian jiu-jitsu ↗
  9. Wikipedia (EN) — Sambo ↗
  10. Wikipedia (EN) — Bartitsu ↗
  11. Wikipedia (EN) — Wadō-ryū ↗
  12. Kōdōkan Judo Institute ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.