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WABUKAN article · കളരിപ്പയറ്റ്

Kalaripayattu: the martial art of Kerala

In southern India, in Kerala, people still train in a half-sunken arena of beaten earth with a small shrine in one corner. It is called a kalari, and the art taught there, kalaripayattu, is one of the oldest martial arts still practised. It combines leaps, animal postures, weapons and medicine.

Origins

The name joins kalari, the training ground, and payattu, "exercise" or "fight". According to legend, Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Vishnu, learned the art from Shiva, raised Kerala from the sea floor, founded the first 108 kalaris and trained the first 21 masters. History is less poetic. The scholar Phillip Zarrilli links the art to the Dravidian combat techniques of the Sangam period and to the Sanskrit tradition of the Dhanur Veda, the "science of the bow". As a system, kalaripayattu probably grew out of the battlefields of the 11th and 12th centuries, when the Chera kingdom fought a century-long war against the Cholas.

In several Kerala communities, such as the Nairs and the Thiyyas, training was compulsory for young people. In the late Middle Ages, disputes that local assemblies could not settle might be decided by an ankam, a combat for which the fighters had up to 12 years to prepare. Sometimes paid mercenaries fought on behalf of others. The Vadakkan Pattukal ballads of the 17th and 18th centuries sing of heroes and heroines such as Aromal Chekavar and Unniyarcha. According to them, the art had to serve just causes, not self-interest.

Kalaripayattu mock combat in Kerala.
Kalaripayattu mock combat in Kerala. Author: Ginu Plathottam · Licence: CC0 · Wikimedia Commons

Through Portuguese eyes

In 1498 Vasco da Gama's fleet reached Calicut, and the Portuguese came to know these warriors. A Portuguese account from the early 16th century, attributed to Duarte Barbosa, describes the Nairs: at seven they went to schools where they learned to leap, spin and twist on the ground until their bodies bent "contrary to nature". Then they chose a weapon, which could be the bow, the spear or, most often, the sword. And however old they were, they kept going to fencing lessons every rainy season until they died.

Ban and revival

In 1804, after the revolt of Pazhassi Raja, the British banned kalaripayattu in Kerala. When the king died in 1805, most of the major kalaris closed. The art survived in a few families and villages until the revival of the 20th century. Kottakkal Kanaran Gurukkal (1850–1935) trained Chambadan Veetil Narayanan Nair (1905–1944), known as "CVN", who opened several kalaris from the 1920s. Schools bearing the CVN name are still found across Kerala today. In 1937 Sreedharan Nair published the first book on the art, in Malayalam.

Styles and techniques

There are two main styles. The northern, or Vadakkan, is practised mainly in Malabar and is considered the oldest: supple movements, evasions, leaps and a lot of weapons work, under the motto meyy kannavanam, "make the body an eye". Training has four stages: stances (meipayattu), wooden weapons (kolthari), metal weapons (angathari) and finally bare hands (verum kai). The southern style, or Thekkan, is practised near Kanyakumari and favours hard strikes, hand-to-hand combat and pressure points. Tradition credits it to the sage Agastya, and it is related to the neighbouring Tamil arts. There is also a central style, less practised. The weapons include maces, spears, daggers and the urumi, a flexible sword.

The guru and medicine

The master, the gurukkal, is also a healer. He knows the marmam, the vital points of the body. It is said that a precise strike on one could disable or kill, though critics note this has never been shown in a verifiable way. The same knowledge is used for healing, in marmachikitsa, linked to Ayurveda and Siddha medicine. Massages with medicinal oils (uzhichil) make students more flexible and treat injuries. In the kalari, students mark their foreheads with soil from the floor and salute the seven-step shrine, the poothara. Commands are given in Malayalam or Sanskrit.

Kalaripayattu practitioners.
Kalaripayattu practitioners. Author: KaustubhShrm · Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Today

In 2017 Meenakshi Amma, a 73-year-old gurukkal from Vadakara, received the Padma Shri from the Indian government for preserving the art. In 2021 the Kerala government announced a Kalaripayattu Academy in Thiruvananthapuram.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Curiosities

The oldest reference to marmam is in the Rig Veda: the god Indra defeats the demon Vritra by striking his vital points with his thunderbolt. And in the ballads, the heroes belong to two matrilineal families, one Nair and one of Thiyya origin.

Timeline

  1. 12th c.Earliest references to kalari in Kerala.
  2. 1498Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut; Nair warriors serve the kings.
  3. 1804The British ban practice and carrying arms.
  4. 1920sRevival led by C. V. Narayanan Nair.
  5. 1937Sreedharan Nair publishes the first book on kalaripayattu.
  6. 2017Meenakshi Amma receives the Padma Shri.

Related arts on Wabukan

kalaripayattu silambam gatka

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Kalaripayattu ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Nair ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Silambam ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.