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WABUKAN article · 古流 · 剣術

Koryū: Japan's old sword schools

Koryū (古流) means "old school". It refers to the Japanese martial traditions founded before the Meiji Restoration of 1868, and among them the sword schools, kenjutsu, are the most famous. There are no competitions or championships. Students train paired kata, handed down from master to disciple for five hundred years.

An art born of war

The curved Japanese sword, the future katana, appeared in the Heian period. But the oldest schools still in existence were born in the Muromachi period (1336–1573), a time of almost constant war between feudal lords. Training included solo battlefield techniques and paired kata, with solid wooden swords (bokutō) or even live blades. In the peaceful Edo period (1603–1868) the schools multiplied, and more than 500 styles are on record.

Katori and Kashima

The oldest is Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū. It was founded by Iizasa Ienao, a respected spearman and swordsman who lived near Katori Shrine, in today's Chiba Prefecture. Tradition dates the founding to 1447, though some scholars prefer around 1480. The shrine's god, Futsunushi, is revered as a spirit of the sword. The school teaches sword, spear, glaive and many other weapons. In the past, anyone wishing to join signed an oath of loyalty in his own blood, the keppan. On 6 March 1960 it became the first martial art to receive the Japanese government's designation as an "intangible cultural asset", with Ōtake Risuke among its guardians.

Katori Shintō-ryū training.
Katori Shintō-ryū training. Author: Katori Shinto Ryu Poland · Licence: CC0 · Wikimedia Commons

Tsukahara Bokuden (1489–1571) learned Katori Shintō-ryū from his adoptive father and then travelled Japan on musha shugyō, the warrior's ascetic pilgrimage. According to the writer and practitioner Tokitsu Kenji, he fought his first duel to the death at 17, and then 19 more duels and 37 battles. He died of natural causes. Kashima Shintō-ryū, founded around 1530 and linked to Kashima Shrine, neighbour of Katori, is attributed to him.

Rōmon gate of Kashima Shrine.
Rōmon gate of Kashima Shrine. Author: Kiku-zou · Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Kamiizumi and the Yagyū

Kamiizumi Nobutsuna (c. 1508 – death uncertain, between 1572 and 1582) created Shinkage-ryū. He was a samurai who defended castles in the war against Takeda Shingen. He is credited with inventing the fukuro shinai, a sword of bamboo strips inside a leather sleeve, which allowed freer training without broken bones. His style was freer, sparer and better suited to the duel than to large battles. In 1563, on his way to Kyoto, he met Yagyū Munetoshi (Sekishūsai) and stayed half a year in Yagyū village. In 1565 he handed him the school, which became Yagyū Shinkage-ryū.

Munetoshi's son, Yagyū Munenori, perfected mutō, the art of facing a sword with bare hands, and was instructor to the Tokugawa shōguns. When Munetoshi died in 1606, the school split into two branches: Owari, under his grandson Toshiyoshi, and Edo, under Munenori. Munenori's son, Jūbei Mitsuyoshi, became a legendary figure.

Ittō-ryū and Musashi

Ittō-ryū ("one-sword school") was created by Itō Ittōsai Kagehisa. According to oral tradition, Ittōsai made two students fight in earnest to choose his successor, and Ono Tadaaki (1565–1628) won. From this came Ono-ha Ittō-ryū, the oldest of its lines. Tadaaki taught the second and third shōguns alongside Munenori. He was said to be the better swordsman, but his harsh character made him less esteemed. Ono-ha, with the Hokushin branch, had a great influence on the kata and aesthetics of modern kendo.

More independent was Miyamoto Musashi (c. 1584–1645), who claimed never to have lost any of his more than 60 duels and founded the two-sword Niten Ichi-ryū. There is a story of a duel between the young Musashi and Bokuden during a meal, but it is a myth: Bokuden died 13 years before Musashi was born.

From sabre to kendo

The Meiji Restoration of 1868 ended the samurai class. In 1886 the Japanese police gathered kata from several schools into a standard training set, and in 1895 the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai was founded. In 1912 it issued ten common kata to unify teaching, the basis of the kendo kata. The koryū carried on, smaller, as family or dojo traditions.

Katori Shintō-ryū demonstration in Trieste.
Katori Shintō-ryū demonstration in Trieste. Author: antonio · Licence: CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Family of branches

  • Koryū 古流
    • Katori Shintō-ryū
      • Kashima Shintō-ryū (Bokuden)
    • Kage-ryū
      • Shinkage-ryū
        • Yagyū Shinkage-ryū
    • Ittō-ryū (Itō Ittōsai)
    • Iaijutsu
Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Curiosities

For a short time Bokuden called his school Mutekatsu-ryū, "winning without hands". The story goes that on a boat on Lake Biwa a ruffian challenged him. Bokuden suggested they go and fight on an island, and when the man jumped ashore, he pushed the boat away and left him there. Bruce Lee liked the story so much that he retold it in "Enter the Dragon" (1973) as "the art of fighting without fighting".

Timeline

  1. 15th c.Iizasa Ienao founds Katori Shintō-ryū (tradition).
  2. 16th c.Tsukahara Bokuden and the Kashima line; Kamiizumi creates Shinkage-ryū.
  3. 1565Kamiizumi hands Shinkage-ryū to Yagyū Munetoshi.
  4. 17th c.Yagyū and Ittō-ryū become official schools of the Tokugawa shoguns.
  5. 1868Meiji Restoration: end of the samurai class.
  6. 1895Dai Nippon Butoku Kai founded.
  7. 1912The Butoku Kai issues ten common kata, the basis of kendo.
  8. 1960Katori Shintō-ryū becomes the first martial art designated an intangible cultural asset (Chiba).

Related arts on Wabukan

kenjutsu kendo iaido naginatajutsu bojutsu battodo

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Koryū ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Kashima Shintō-ryū ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Yagyū Shinkage-ryū ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Ittō-ryū ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Tsukahara Bokuden ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Itō Ittōsai ↗
  8. Wikipedia (EN) — Meiji Restoration ↗
  9. Wikipedia (EN) — Dai Nippon Butoku Kai ↗
  10. Wikipedia (JA) — 天真正伝香取神道流 ↗
  11. Wikipedia (JA) — 鹿島新當流 ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.