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WABUKAN article · קרב מגע

Krav Maga: from Bratislava to the Israeli army

Krav maga (קרב מגע) means "contact combat" in Hebrew. It was not designed for competition or for gentlemanly rules: it is a self-defence system built to end an assault quickly. It was born on the streets of Bratislava and grew up in the Israeli armed forces.

Imi Lichtenfeld

Imi Lichtenfeld was born on 26 May 1910 in Budapest to a Hungarian Jewish family and grew up in Pozsony, today's Bratislava. His father, Samuel, had been a circus acrobat and was chief inspector of the local police. He also owned the Hercules Gymnasium, where he taught self-defence. Imi was a swimmer, gymnast, boxer and wrestler. In 1928 he won the Slovak youth wrestling championship, in 1929 the adult title, and that same year the national boxing championship and an international gymnastics championship.

In the mid-1930s antisemitic riots reached Bratislava. Lichtenfeld led a group of Jewish boxers and wrestlers who defended the Jewish neighbourhoods. On the street he learned that a real fight was very different from a sporting bout. Boxing and wrestling were good sports, but they did not always work against the brutality of an assault.

Imi Lichtenfeld (left) and Eli Avikzar.
Imi Lichtenfeld (left) and Eli Avikzar. Author: Aminiv km · Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

From the Haganah to the army

In 1940 he fled Nazism on the Pencho, a refugee ship that was wrecked in the Dodecanese islands. He served in a Czechoslovak battalion under British command in North Africa and reached Palestine in 1942. He joined the Haganah, and from 1944 trained its fighters in fitness, swimming, wrestling, knife use and defence against the knife. He also trained elite units such as the Palmach and the Palyam, as well as groups of police officers.

When the State of Israel and its armed forces (IDF) were founded in 1948, Lichtenfeld became chief instructor of physical fitness and krav maga at the IDF combat school. The starting idea was simple: take what worked in several forms of fighting, beginning with boxing, wrestling and street experience, and make it quick to teach to conscripts.

Principles

Like almost every martial art, krav maga first teaches how to avoid confrontation. If that is impossible, it calls for ending the fight as quickly as possible. Its principles include defending and attacking at the same time, counterattacking as soon as possible, and continuing until the attacker is no longer a threat. Strikes target the most vulnerable points: eyes, throat, solar plexus, groin, knees. Any object at hand may be used, and one must always watch the surroundings for exits, other attackers or things that can serve as weapons. Training seeks instinctive reactions under stress, using controlled scenarios. A rule that comes from Imi himself says never to occupy both hands in the same defensive movement.

Technically, krav maga is eclectic. Strikes come from karate and boxing; throws and groundwork from judo, aikido and wrestling; empty-hand defences against weapons from aikido. In the 21st century many schools have also added Brazilian jiu-jitsu, the Filipino arts and silat.

Krav maga demonstration.
Krav maga demonstration. Author: Prosopee · Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Civilians, belts and federations

Lichtenfeld left the army in 1964 and opened a school for civilians, adapting the system to the needs of police and ordinary people. Judo was added to the training in 1965. Until 1968 there were no grades, and most Israeli organisations today use Imi's belt system, based on judo: white, yellow, orange, green, blue, brown and black, with dans from 1st to 9th. In the late 1980s Eyal Yanilov created an alternative "patch" system. The first instructor course took place in 1971 at the Wingate Institute in Netanya, under Imi's supervision.

His principal student and first black belt, Eli Avikzar, studied aikido from 1968 and earned a black belt in France in 1971. In 1974 Imi handed him the Netanya training centre, and in 1976 Avikzar became head of the IDF krav maga section, until he retired in 1987. He was succeeded by Boaz Aviram, the last chief instructor to have learned directly from both Lichtenfeld and Avikzar. Imi founded the Israeli Krav Maga Association on 22 October 1978 and the International Krav Maga Federation in 1995. He died in Netanya on 9 January 1998, aged 87.

Family of branches

  • Boxe + luta (Imi)
Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Curiosities

In 1935 Lichtenfeld travelled to Palestine with a team of Jewish wrestlers for the Maccabiah Games, but never competed because he broke a rib training on the way. In Hebrew he is also known as Imi Sde-Or.

Timeline

  1. 1910Imi Lichtenfeld born in Budapest; grows up in Bratislava.
  2. 1930sDefends the Jewish quarter against antisemitic gangs.
  3. 1940Flees to Mandatory Palestine.
  4. 1944Begins training Haganah fighters.
  5. 1948Chief combat instructor of the new Israeli forces.
  6. 1964Starts teaching Krav Maga to civilians.
  7. 1971First instructor course at the Wingate Institute.
  8. 1978Israeli Krav Maga Association founded.
  9. 1998Dies in Netanya.

Related arts on Wabukan

krav-maga boxing wrestling

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Krav Maga ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Imi Lichtenfeld ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Eyal Yanilov ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Eli Avikzar ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.