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WABUKAN article · 極真

Kyokushin and full-contact karate

For decades many karate bouts stopped just short of impact. One man decided that was not enough: he wanted to know whether the techniques really worked when they landed. He called his school Kyokushin, "the ultimate truth", and from it came a whole family of full-contact karate styles.

Origins: from Gimje to Tokyo

Mas Oyama was born Choi Yeong-eui on 27 July 1923 in Gimje, Korea. As a boy he was sent to his sister's farm in Manchuria, and there, at the age of nine, he began learning Chinese martial arts from a farm worker named Lee, whom he always called his first teacher. In March 1938 he left for Japan. At some point he took the Japanese name Ōyama Masutatsu.

After the war he trained at the Shotokan dojo run by Gigō Funakoshi, son of Gichin Funakoshi, and later for two years under Gichin himself. He then studied Gōjū-ryū for several years with So Nei-chu, a fellow Korean and senior student of Chōjun Miyagi. He also trained with Kōtarō Yoshida, whom he later called the greatest of his teachers. His friend Richard Kim had introduced them.

The legend grew in the mountains. Oyama set out to spend three years training alone on Mount Minobu, but stayed only fourteen months, after his sponsor stopped supporting him. After winning the karate section of a national martial arts championship, he went back into solitude, this time for eighteen months on Mount Kiyosumi. His only reading, he said, was Miyamoto Musashi's Book of Five Rings.

Ōyama Masutatsu demonstrating karate.
Ōyama Masutatsu demonstrating karate. Author: 日本スポーツ出版社 · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

From Oyama Dojo to Kyokushinkaikan

In 1953 Oyama opened his first dojo in Tokyo. At first it was in an empty lot, and in 1956 it moved into a ballet school. The training was hard: real contact in sparring, injuries were common, and breaking boards, tiles and bricks became a trademark. In Oyama's words, karate without breaking was "a fruit tree that bears no fruit". At public demonstrations he even knocked bulls unconscious with his bare hands. In 1957 the style received the name Kyokushin.

In 1964 the headquarters dojo opened in Ikebukuro, Tokyo, together with the International Karate Organization Kyokushin kaikan (IKO). Oyama sent instructors abroad to open schools. Kenji Kurosaki went to the Netherlands, Tadashi Nakamura and Miyuki Miura to the United States, and Seiji Isobe to Brazil. Foreigners such as Steve Arneil, Jon Bluming and Howard Collins went to Tokyo to train with him.

Knockdown rules

Kyokushin popularised "knockdown" fighting: no gloves, full-power punches to the body, kicks to the legs, body and head, knees allowed. Hand and elbow strikes to the face or neck are not allowed. You win by knocking down or clearly dominating your opponent. The first All-Japan Open was held in 1969, and the first World Open in Tokyo in 1975. World championships have been held every four years since then.

Training rests on three "K"s: kihon (basics), kata (forms) and kumite (sparring). The northern kata come from the Shotokan Oyama learned with Funakoshi. The southern kata come mostly from Gōjū-ryū. Many kata are also performed "ura", mirrored, to develop balance and circular techniques. The ultimate test is the 100-man kumite: a hundred rounds in a row, each against a fresh opponent, lasting between two and a half and four hours. Very few have completed it. Among them are Oyama himself, Steve Arneil, Shokei Matsui and Francisco Filho.

Memorial wall in Szentes, Hungary, recalling the 2009 Kyokushin world tournament (photo from 2019).
Memorial wall in Szentes, Hungary, recalling the 2009 Kyokushin world tournament (photo from 2019). Author: Globetrotter19 · Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

The full-contact family tree

Several of Oyama's students went their own way. Hideyuki Ashihara created Ashihara Kaikan in 1980. It is built on "sabaki": stepping off the line of attack and countering from the side. From it came the Enshin Kaikan of Joko Ninomiya (1988), which adds grabbing and throwing. Kazuyoshi Ishii founded Seidokaikan and in 1993 launched K-1, which took kickboxing to a mass audience. Takashi Azuma created Daidō Juku, now Kūdō, with headgear, face punches, throws and groundwork.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Today and federations

Oyama died of lung cancer in April 1994, aged 70, without naming a successor. Kyokushin was already one of the largest martial arts organisations in the world. In the 1990s it had more than a thousand official dojos in over 120 countries. After his death the IKO split over the succession. The group led by Shokei Matsui kept the name IKO, and other groups formed IKO-2, IKO-3 and so on. Some splits had come even earlier. Jon Bluming left in 1980 to found the Budo Kai Kan, and in 1991 Steve Arneil took British Kyokushin out of the IKO to create the IFK. Today several organisations claim the name, but they share the same knockdown rules and the same spirit of testing everything in real fighting.

Curiosities

Oyama's life inspired the manga Karate Baka Ichidai ("Karate Fanatic"), written by Ikki Kajiwara from stories Oyama told him. His 1958 book What is Karate became a best-seller and was translated into English, French and Hungarian. For a while the style was nicknamed "kenka karate", "brawling karate". Oyama disliked the name.

Timeline

  1. 1923Ōyama Masutatsu (Choi Yeong-eui) born in Korea.
  2. 1953Oyama opens his first dojo in Tokyo.
  3. 1957The style is named Kyokushin.
  4. 1964Kyokushinkaikan founded in Tokyo.
  5. 19691st All-Japan Open.
  6. 19751st Kyokushin World Open.
  7. 1980Ashihara Kaikan and Seidokaikan founded.
  8. 1981Azuma Takashi founds Daidō Juku (Kūdō).
  9. 1988Ninomiya Jōkō founds Enshin Kaikan.
  10. 1993Seidokaikan launches K-1.
  11. 1994Ōyama dies; Kyokushin splits into several organisations.

Related arts on Wabukan

kyokushin kudo karate kickboxing

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Kyokushin ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Mas Oyama ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Ashihara Kaikan ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Enshin kaikan ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Seidokaikan ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Kūdō ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Full contact karate ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.