✦ Member
← All arts

WABUKAN article · 弓道

Kyūdō: the way of the bow

An asymmetric bow over two metres long and a 36-centimetre target 28 metres away. The archer takes almost a minute to loose a single arrow. In kyūdō, hitting matters, but how you shoot matters more.

A very old bow

The Japanese bow (yumi) has a unique shape: it is taller than the archer and is held not in the middle but at the lower third. The first images of this asymmetric bow appear on Yayoi-period bronze bells (dōtaku), about two thousand years ago. It is traditionally made of bamboo and wood laminated in layers.

The samurai's weapon

Long before the sword, the Japanese warrior's main weapon was the bow, used on horseback. The Ogasawara school codified ceremonial and mounted archery, and still gives displays of yabusame, shooting at a gallop, at shrines. In the 15th century Heki Danjō created the Heki school, focused on foot archery and precision, from which many current lines descend.

Archers, by Hokusai (1817).
Archers, by Hokusai (1817). Author: Katsushika Hokusai · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

From firearms to a way

Firearms reached Japan with the Portuguese in 1543 and within a few decades changed warfare. The bow lost its military value but did not disappear: it became a discipline of concentration, etiquette and competition. In the Edo period the most famous challenge was the Tōshiya, on the veranda of the Sanjūsangen-dō temple in Kyoto: shooting arrows down the whole length of the veranda. In 1686 Wasa Daihachirō of Kishū hit with 8,133 of 13,053 arrows in a single day and took the record.

Japanese archer photographed in 1878.
Japanese archer photographed in 1878. Author: Unknown author · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Modern kyūdō

After the Second World War, Japanese martial arts set up their own organisations. In 1953 the All Nippon Kyudo Federation (ANKF) brought together the main schools to take the best of each and published a manual, the Kyūdō Kyōhon, defining a common shooting form. That form is used today in almost all of Japan and in Western federations. The international body, the International Kyudo Federation, was founded in 2006.

The eight stages

Every shot follows eight stages, the hassetsu: placing the feet (ashibumi), setting the torso (dozukuri), readying the bow (yugamae), raising it (uchiokoshi), drawing (hikiwake), holding full draw (kai), release (hanare) and remaining in the final posture (zanshin). Beginners start with a rubber bow, then train with the bow and no arrow, and against a straw bale (makiwara) at close range, before shooting at the target.

Dojo, target and practice

A kyūdō dojo has a wooden floor open onto a lawn; on the far side is the matoba, with a sand bank and targets 28 metres away. The most common target (hoshi mato) is 36 centimetres across. There is also long-distance shooting (enteki) at 60 metres. In gradings and competitions archers enter as a group, bow to the judges, kneel and shoot one after another, usually four arrows each.

Archers at the 2014 Kyudo World Cup.
Archers at the 2014 Kyudo World Cup. Author: Pierre-Yves Beaudouin · Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Truth, goodness, beauty

A motto of modern kyūdō sums up the spirit: shin-zen-bi — truth, goodness and beauty. A correct shot should hit because the form was correct, not by chance.

Curiosities

In the West kyūdō became linked to Zen largely through one book, Zen in the Art of Archery (1948), by the German Eugen Herrigel. Herrigel spoke little Japanese and used an interpreter with his teacher, and many practitioners dispute his reading. Even so, the book was translated into Japanese in 1956 and changed kyūdō's image in Japan too. And the Tōshiya is still held every January, with young archers, but at 60 metres.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Timeline

  1. 12th c.The bow is the mounted samurai's main weapon.
  2. 14th c.Ogasawara-ryū codifies ceremonial and mounted archery.
  3. 15th c.Heki Danjō founds the Heki school of foot archery.
  4. 1543Portuguese firearms arrive.
  5. 1686Wasa Daihachirō sets the Tōshiya record.
  6. 1953The ANKF publishes the Kyūdō Kyōhon and unifies the shooting form.
  7. 2006International Kyudo Federation founded.

Related arts on Wabukan

kyudo

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Kyūdō ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Ogasawara-ryū ↗
  3. Wikipedia (JA) — 日置流 ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Tanegashima (gun) ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Tōshiya ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Yumi ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Zen in the Art of Archery ↗
  8. All Nippon Kyudo Federation ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.