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Olympic wrestling: freestyle and Greco-Roman

Wrestling is perhaps the oldest combat sport in the world. It appears in Egyptian tomb paintings and entered the Olympia Games in 708 BC. The modern Games have two different styles, and the difference is in the legs.

Origins: from Olympia to the fairgrounds

In ancient Greece wrestling was a central part of athletic life, and Plato used the word orthopale for its standing part. Its greatest star was Milo of Croton, who won the boys' wrestling at the 540 BC Olympics and then won the men's title five more times. Ancient authors from Herodotus to Aristotle mention him, though many stories about his strength are legend.

Modern wrestling took shape much later, in two separate places. In 19th-century France fairground wrestlers drew on a romantic image of antiquity. In Britain and the United States a looser style was growing in which you could grab wherever you could.

Greco-Roman

Despite its name, Greco-Roman wrestling was codified in France. According to United World Wrestling, the world governing body, it was first developed by a Napoleonic soldier named Jean Exbrayat. He performed at fairs and called it "flat hand wrestling" to set it apart from fighting that allowed blows. In 1848 Exbrayat set the rule that defines the style to this day: no holds below the waist, and no painful holds or twists meant to hurt the opponent.

So the legs may neither attack nor be attacked. Everything happens from the hips up: clinches, arm drags, body locks and the style's great moments, the arching throws in which a wrestler lifts his opponent and carries him over his own shoulder. It was at the first modern Games in Athens in 1896.

A Greco-Roman bout at a university sports festival.
A Greco-Roman bout at a university sports festival. Author: Ricco Baroni · Licence: CC0 · Wikimedia Commons

Freestyle

Freestyle comes from English and American catch-as-catch-can. In the United States wrestling was so popular that several presidents had wrestled, among them George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Freestyle allows leg attacks, trips, sweeps and low takedowns such as the single-leg and double-leg. It made its Olympic debut at the 1904 Games in St. Louis. Women's wrestling, which is contested only in this style, joined the Games in 2004.

Women's freestyle at the 2024 European Olympic qualification tournament.
Women's freestyle at the 2024 European Olympic qualification tournament. Author: Azerbaijan Wrestling Federation · Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Rules and techniques

Bouts are held on a round mat. Wrestlers wear a one-piece singlet, red or blue, and carry a handkerchief, the "bloodrag", in case of bleeding. Headgear is optional, and wrestlers who leave it off risk the famous "cauliflower ear". The red band around the edge is called the passivity zone, because it helps referees spot a wrestler who is avoiding contact.

You win outright with a "fall", pinning both of the opponent's shoulders to the mat, or on points. The highest score, five points, goes to a "grand amplitude" throw, one that takes the opponent off the mat so that his feet pass directly above his head. In Greco-Roman, wrestling on the mat (par terre) now happens mainly after a takedown or as a penalty for passivity. The modern rules favour attacking on the feet.

Key people

Swede Carl Westergren was the first to win three Greco-Roman Olympic golds, in 1920, 1924 and 1932. Aleksandr Karelin did the same in 1988, 1992 and 1996, and his twelve Olympic and world titles became the benchmark of the sport. A new record came at Paris 2024. Cuba's Mijaín López won the 130 kg event and became the first athlete in modern Olympic history to win five consecutive golds in the same individual event. In women's freestyle, Japan's Kaori Icho won gold in 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016. She was the first woman in any sport to win an individual event at four consecutive Olympics.

Aleksandr Karelin in 2013.
Aleksandr Karelin in 2013. Author: A.Savin · Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Today and federations

Since 1921 the body now called United World Wrestling (UWW, formerly FILA) has written the rules. It is based near Lausanne, Switzerland, and also governs grappling, beach wrestling, pankration and belt wrestling. Wrestling's place in the Olympics is not guaranteed. In 2013 the executive board of the International Olympic Committee recommended dropping it from the 2020 Games. After a campaign by the wrestling world, the IOC reversed the decision later that same year.

At Paris 2024 there were 18 weight classes: six in men's Greco-Roman, six in men's freestyle and six in women's freestyle. Many mixed martial arts champions started on the wrestling mat, where control and takedowns are learned from the very first day.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Curiosities

Before time limits, bouts could last a very long time. At the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, a Greco-Roman match between Martin Klein, representing Russia, and Alfred Asikainen of Finland lasted eleven hours and forty minutes before Klein won.

Timeline

  1. 708 a.C.Wrestling enters the Olympia Games.
  2. 540 a.C.Milo of Croton wins the boys' wrestling at Olympia.
  3. 19th c.'Greco-Roman' wrestling is codified in France.
  4. 1848Exbrayat bans holds below the waist.
  5. 1896Greco-Roman at the first modern Games.
  6. 1904Freestyle's Olympic debut in St. Louis.
  7. 1912Klein and Asikainen wrestle for 11 h 40 min in Stockholm.
  8. 1921The future UWW begins setting the rules.
  9. 2004Women's wrestling enters the Games.
  10. 2013The IOC drops, then reinstates, wrestling.
  11. 2024Paris 2024: 18 weight classes; Mijaín López's fifth straight gold.

Related arts on Wabukan

wrestling catch-wrestling pankration glima kurash

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Milo of Croton ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Mijaín López ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Kaori Icho ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Greco-Roman wrestling ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Freestyle wrestling ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Wrestling at the 2024 Summer Olympics ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Wrestling at the ancient Olympic Games ↗
  8. United World Wrestling ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.