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WABUKAN article · 沖縄手

Okinawa-te: how an island invented karate

Long before coloured belts, white uniforms and championships, there was an island halfway between China and Japan where fighting was often taught privately, one teacher to a handful of students, in a back yard. People simply called it te — "hand". This is where karate comes from, and kobudō, Okinawa's weapon art, too.

An island of traders

Okinawa is the largest island of the Ryukyu chain. For a long time it was split between three small rival kingdoms, until in 1429 a lord named Shō Hashi merged them into the Ryukyu Kingdom, ruled from Shuri Castle. The kingdom lived off the sea. Its ships carried sulphur and horses to China and came back with silk, porcelain and new ideas, much of which was sold on to Japan and Southeast Asia.

The bond with China was formal: from 1372 the island sent tribute to the Ming court. Tradition says that in 1392 a community from Fujian province — interpreters, scribes, shipwrights — settled in the village of Kume, next to Naha harbour, and that Chinese fighting methods arrived with them. Japanese historians point out that this date is more founding legend than hard evidence, yet the mark of Fujian on Okinawan arts is plain to see, especially in Naha.

Naha 那覇 Tomari 泊 Shuri 首里 Kume 久米 China ← → Japan Schematic, not to scale Fuzhou
The three "te" towns: the capital Shuri, the port of Naha (with Kume) and Tomari.

The myth of the banned weapons

A popular story says karate was born because peasants were forbidden to own weapons. The real story is richer. King Shō Shin (reigned 1477–1526) concentrated power and gathered the nobles' weapons; a 1509 inscription was long read as "he locked the swords away", but Okinawan scholars now read it as "he made them the weapons of the state". Then in 1609 the Japanese domain of Satsuma invaded and began ruling the kingdom from behind the throne. Satsuma restricted carrying weapons, not training with them: masters of spear, sword and bow kept appearing.

So karate was not invented by unarmed farmers. It was cultivated mainly by the pechin, the class of officials and guards who served the kingdom, mixing local "te" with what they learned from Chinese teachers — and later even with the Japanese sword school Jigen-ryū.

Three towns, three ways to fight

By the 19th century each area had its own "te", named after the place it came from:

These were never walled-off schools: masters visited each other, swapped kata, and many students trained under teachers from more than one town.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

The teachers who changed everything

Sakugawa Kanga earned the nickname "Tōde Sakugawa" — Sakugawa of the Chinese hand — after training in China in the early 1800s. Matsumura Sōkon guarded several kings and is seen as the great organiser of Shuri-te. His student Itosu Ankō started the next revolution: he streamlined old kata, created the Pinan series for beginners and persuaded the authorities to bring karate into Okinawan schools from 1901. In 1908 he wrote a letter setting out ten principles of training that is still quoted today.

Itosu Ankō (1831–1915), who brought karate into schools.
Itosu Ankō (1831–1915), who brought karate into schools. Author: Okinawa Karate Kaikan · Licence: CC0 · Wikimedia Commons

In Naha, Higaonna Kanryō spent years in Fuzhou, China, and came home with a hard, breath-driven method. His student Miyagi Chōjun shaped it into a named style: Gōjū-ryū, "the hard-and-soft school".

Higaonna Kanryō (1853–1915), master of Naha-te.
Higaonna Kanryō (1853–1915), master of Naha-te. Author: autor desconhecido / unknown · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

From "Chinese hand" to "empty hand"

In 1879 Japan abolished the kingdom and turned it into Okinawa Prefecture. The old nobility lost its status, and "te" nearly vanished with it. Schools saved it. In 1922 Funakoshi Gichin, a student of Itosu and of Asato Ankō, gave a demonstration at a physical-education exhibition in Tokyo and ended up staying in Japan to teach at universities. Motobu Chōki, Mabuni Kenwa and Miyagi Chōjun also carried the art to the mainland.

The word changed along the way. It used to be written 唐手 — "Tang hand", meaning Chinese hand, read tōde or karate. In an increasingly nationalist Japan, the nod to China became awkward, and teachers switched to 空手 — "empty hand", which sounds exactly the same. At a meeting in Naha on 25 October 1936, Okinawa's masters formally accepted the new spelling. That is why, since 2005, 25 October has been Karate Day in Okinawa.

Funakoshi Gichin (1868–1957), who took karate to Tokyo in 1922.
Funakoshi Gichin (1868–1957), who took karate to Tokyo in 1922. Author: autor desconhecido / unknown · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Kobudō: the island's weapons

Alongside the empty hand, Okinawa kept an arsenal of its own: the bō (long staff), the sai (metal trident), the tonfa, the nunchaku, the kama (sickle), the eku (oar), the tinbe shield with a short spear, and more. They are often described as farm tools; in fact most were trained by officials in Shuri and Naha, and several have cousins in China and Southeast Asia that arrived through trade. In the 20th century Yabiku Mōden and his student Taira Shinken collected what was left and saved it from oblivion.

An Okinawan sai beside an Indonesian tjabang: the same weapon family.
An Okinawan sai beside an Indonesian tjabang: the same weapon family. Author: Samuraiantiqueworld · Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Okinawa today

After the Second World War, American servicemen stationed on the island took karate home with them. Today it is practised in more than 150 countries, it was part of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games (held in 2021), and since 2017 Okinawa has had its Karate Kaikan, a centre devoted to preserving the art. The core idea, though, is still the old masters' one: karate ni sente nashi — in karate there is no first strike.

Okinawan karate masters together in the first half of the 20th century.
Okinawan karate masters together in the first half of the 20th century. Author: autor desconhecido (Commons: Funakoshi Gichin) · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Timeline

  1. 1372Okinawa begins sending tribute to Ming China.
  2. 1392Tradition: a Fujian community settles in Kume, Naha.
  3. 1429Shō Hashi unites the island: the Ryukyu Kingdom is born.
  4. 1609Satsuma invades; the kingdom falls under Japanese control.
  5. 19th c.Sakugawa, Matsumura and Higaonna shape Shuri-te and Naha-te.
  6. 1879The kingdom ends; Okinawa Prefecture is created.
  7. 1901Itosu brings karate into schools.
  8. 1922Funakoshi demonstrates karate in Tokyo.
  9. 193625 October: the spelling 空手, "empty hand", is adopted.
  10. 2017The Okinawa Karate Kaikan opens.
  11. 2021Karate at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.

Related arts on Wabukan

karate kobudo goju-ryu shito-ryu uechi-ryu wado-ryu isshin-ryu shotokan kyokushin

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Okinawan martial arts ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Karate ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Ryukyuan kobudō ↗
  4. Wikipedia (PT) — Caratê ↗
  5. Wikipedia (JA) — 空手道 ↗
  6. Wikipedia (JA) — 琉球古武術 ↗
  7. Okinawa Prefecture — Okinawa, the birthplace of karate ↗
  8. 沖縄県 — 空手の日 (Okinawa Prefectural Assembly resolution, 2005) ↗
  9. Karate Day — Okinawa Karate Events ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.