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WABUKAN article · 少林 · 功夫

Shaolin and the kung fu families

"Kung fu" literally means "skill gained through effort". It could describe a cook or a calligrapher. In the West it became the name for China's hundreds of fighting styles. At the heart of nearly every story stands a Buddhist monastery on Mount Song.

The monastery and the legends

The Shaolin monastery was founded in 495 in Henan province, near the town of Dengfeng. Its first abbot was an Indian monk known in Chinese sources as Batuo (in Sanskrit, Buddhabhadra), who enjoyed the patronage of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei. Under Batuo, Shaolin became a centre for translating Buddhist scriptures, not for fighting.

The most famous legend says that another Indian monk, Bodhidharma, arrived around 527 and taught the monks exercises that gave rise to kung fu. Historians have shown that this story comes from a 17th-century qigong manual, the Yijin Jing, and that it only became popular in the 20th century. Bodhidharma is honoured as the patriarch of Chan (Zen) Buddhism, but there is no evidence that he taught martial arts.

The Shaolin monastery on Mount Song (Henan).
The Shaolin monastery on Mount Song (Henan). Author: 2tanushs · Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Warrior monks in the records

What the records do confirm is that in 621 Shaolin monks helped Li Shimin, the future Tang emperor Taizong, in his fight to found the dynasty. A stele at the monastery records the episode, and a later mural shows "thirteen staff-wielding monks saving the Tang king". Shaolin became famous above all for the staff.

Under the Ming dynasty, in the 16th century, Japanese pirates raided the coast. General Qi Jiguang gathered martial artists from all over China, Shaolin monks among them, to build a set of boxing and staff techniques against the raiders. The Ming government recruited Shaolin monks for war at least six times. That loyalty came at a price: in 1641 rebel forces led by Li Zicheng sacked the monastery, partly because the monks supported the Ming.

North and south

The Chinese say "fists in the south, legs in the north". In the north, styles such as Shandong's Praying Mantis and Eagle Claw use long steps, jumps and fast grabs. In the south, in Fujian and Guangdong, stances are low and rooted and arm work is intense. Many southern schools claim descent from a "Southern Shaolin" destroyed by the Qing dynasty. Historians treat that tradition as legend.

The great southern families

Hung Ga, with its horse stance and tiger and crane forms, became linked to the physician and master Wong Fei-hung. Choy Li Fut, created in 1836 by Chan Heung, combines long, circular strikes. Fujian White Crane influenced not only China but Okinawa, where it helped shape Naha-te. And Wing Chun, compact and direct, reached the world through Ip Man, who taught in Hong Kong from 1949. Among his students was a young man called Bruce Lee.

Ip Man (1893–1972), Wing Chun master in Hong Kong.
Ip Man (1893–1972), Wing Chun master in Hong Kong. Author: Dever · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

In 1900 the Boxer Rebellion showed how these traditions also mixed with politics and belief. Foreigners gave it that name because its members practised fist arts.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Fire and rebirth

In the 20th century the monastery suffered its worst blow. During the warlord era it served as headquarters for one of the rival generals. In March 1928 Shi Yousan, a commander serving under Feng Yuxiang, took Dengfeng and burned the monastery. Much of the original complex was burned to the ground. Some parts survived, among them the old training ground, stone carvings and the Pagoda Forest, the monks' cemetery, where the stupas of abbots and eminent monks have stood for centuries.

The Pagoda Forest, the cemetery of Shaolin's monks (photo from 2024).
The Pagoda Forest, the cemetery of Shaolin's monks (photo from 2024). Author: Windmemories · Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Today

From the 1980s, after a new Chinese law on the protection of cultural heritage, the monastery was restored and became a major tourist site, with martial arts schools all around it. On 1 August 2010 UNESCO inscribed the "Historic Monuments of Dengfeng" on the World Heritage List, including the Shaolin compound, the Pagoda Forest and the Chuzu Temple. Today "Shaolin" is both a living Buddhist monastery and a worldwide brand. Touring monks perform on stages around the world, and many schools outside China teach forms that claim Shaolin roots. There is no single federation. Many of these styles also compete in modern sport wushu (see the wushu article).

Curiosities

In 1982 a young Jet Li starred in the film Shaolin Temple, which made the monastery famous to a new generation. The same year China passed its law on the protection of cultural heritage, which opened the way to the restoration. The "Southern Shaolin" remains a puzzle. A 1917 collection of anecdotes, the Qing bai lei chao, places a southern Shaolin temple in Fujian, but historians have never confirmed that it existed as a centre of martial arts. Of all the paintings at the monastery, one of the most famous shows the thirteen staff-wielding monks who helped the Tang. It is a reminder that Shaolin's reputation began with the staff, not the fist.

Timeline

  1. 495Shaolin monastery founded.
  2. 527Legendary date of Bodhidharma's arrival.
  3. 621Shaolin monks aid the future Tang emperor.
  4. 16th c.Monks fight coastal pirates (Ming dynasty).
  5. 1641Li Zicheng's rebels sack the monastery.
  6. 1836Chan Heung creates Choy Li Fut.
  7. 1900Boxer Rebellion in northern China.
  8. 1928Shi Yousan burns the monastery.
  9. 1949Ip Man settles in Hong Kong.
  10. 2010UNESCO lists Shaolin as World Heritage (Dengfeng).

Related arts on Wabukan

shaolin kung-fu hung-gar choy-li-fut wing-chun praying-mantis

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Shaolin kung fu ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Shaolin Monastery ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Chinese martial arts ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Hung Ga ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Choy Li Fut ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Wing Chun ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Ip Man ↗
  8. Wikipedia (EN) — Fujian White Crane ↗
  9. Wikipedia (EN) — Northern Praying Mantis ↗
  10. Wikipedia (EN) — Boxer Rebellion ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.