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Sumo: ritual, hierarchy and power

Before each bout the wrestlers throw salt into the ring, stamp their feet and crouch face to face. The bout itself often lasts only seconds: you lose if you step out of the circle or touch the ground with anything but the soles of your feet. This is sumo, Japan's national wrestling.

Myths and old chronicles

Japan's oldest chronicles, the Kojiki (712) and the Nihon Shoki (720), already tell of trials of strength. The best known is the fight between Nomi no Sukune and Taima no Kehaya, which tradition treats as the first sumo bout. These are legends, not verified history, but they show how early wrestling was tied to power and to the gods.

For centuries sumo was mainly a rite. Bouts were held at Shinto shrines to pray for good harvests, and the imperial court staged displays. Later, samurai used it as training for close combat.

Shinto ritual

The ring (dohyō) is a sacred clay space, with a circle about 4.55 metres across marked by straw bales. Above it hangs a shrine-style roof, and the referee (gyōji) dresses like an old court priest. The salt thrown before a bout purifies the ring, and the foot stamping (shiko) symbolically drives away evil spirits.

Sumo wrestlers, by Utagawa Kunisada (1854).
Sumo wrestlers, by Utagawa Kunisada (1854). Author: Utagawa Kunisada · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

From Edo to professionalism

In the Edo period, in the 18th century, regular professional tournaments appeared, staged to raise funds for temples and shrines. The great wrestlers became celebrities and were portrayed in ukiyo-e prints. In 1925 the Tokyo and Osaka associations merged into the Japan Sumo Association, which still runs the professional sport.

A rigid pyramid

Professional sumo has six divisions. At the top is makuuchi, with the ranks of maegashira, komusubi, sekiwake, ōzeki and, above all, yokozuna — a rank that cannot be lost through bad results, but that demands wins and dignity. Only the top two divisions, makuuchi and jūryō, are salaried. Since 1958 there have been six tournaments a year (honbasho) of 15 days each: three in Tokyo and the others in Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka.

Ring-entering ceremony (dohyō-iri), Tokyo, May 2014.
Ring-entering ceremony (dohyō-iri), Tokyo, May 2014. Author: Simon Q · Licence: CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Life in the stable

The wrestlers (rikishi) live and train in "stables" (heya) run by former wrestlers. The youngest clean, cook and serve their seniors. Training starts at dawn, and the typical meal is chankonabe, a rich stew. In public they wear their hair tied in a topknot and traditional Japanese clothing. Top-ranked men wear the ōichō style, shaped like a ginkgo leaf.

Techniques

The Association officially recognises 82 winning techniques (kimarite). The most common are simple: yorikiri (forcing the opponent out while holding the belt) and oshidashi (pushing out without a grip). There are also belt throws (mawashi), trips and pulls. The start, the tachiai, is crucial: both men charge at once and the first clash decides many bouts.

Great names

In the 1930s Futabayama won 69 bouts in a row, a record that still stands. In the 1980s Chiyonofuji took 31 top-division titles. In 1993 the Hawaiian Akebono became the first foreign-born yokozuna; after him, Mongolian wrestlers dominated for years, and Hakuhō reached a record 45 top-division titles.

Sumo today

Professional sumo remains men-only and deeply traditional. Outside it there is amateur sumo, with events for men and women and weight classes, run internationally by the International Sumo Federation, founded in 1992.

Curiosities

Professional sumo has no weight classes: a light wrestler can face one twice his weight. And the white rope belt of the yokozuna, which gives the rank its name, is worn in the ring-entering ceremony (dohyō-iri).

Family of branches

  • Sumō profissional
    • Makuuchi
      • Yokozuna · Ōzeki · Sekiwake · Komusubi · Maegashira
    • Jūryō
    • Makushita · Sandanme · Jonidan · Jonokuchi
Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Timeline

  1. 712–720Kojiki and Nihon Shoki tell of legendary bouts.
  2. 18th c.Regular professional tournaments in Edo.
  3. 1925Japan Sumo Association founded.
  4. 1958Six tournaments a year (honbasho).
  5. 1993Akebono, first foreign-born yokozuna.
  6. 1992International Sumo Federation (amateur) founded.

Related arts on Wabukan

sumo

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Sumo ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Professional sumo divisions ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Yokozuna ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Akebono Tarō ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Kimarite ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Futabayama Sadaji ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Hakuhō Shō ↗
  8. Wikipedia (EN) — International Sumo Federation ↗
  9. Japan Sumo Association ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.