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WABUKAN article · 태권도 · 跆拳道

From the kwan to taekwondo

Taekwondo is now one of the most practised martial arts on the planet and an Olympic sport. Yet the name is barely seventy years old. Its story mixes a Korean folk game, karate learned in Japan and a newly freed country's wish for an art of its own.

Korean roots

In Joseon-era Korea people played taekkyeon, a folk fighting game of nimble feet, sweeps and flowing kicks, often seen at village festivals. During Japanese rule (1910–1945) these traditions nearly vanished. In 2011 UNESCO inscribed taekkyeon on its Intangible Cultural Heritage list.

A taekkyeon demonstration.
A taekkyeon demonstration. Author: Metal693 · Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

The kwan

Many young Koreans who studied in Japan learned karate there. Back home they opened schools, the kwan. The first was Won-kuk Lee's Chung Do Kwan in 1944. Soon after came Hwang Kee's Moo Duk Kwan, whose art, Tang Soo Do ("way of the Tang hand"), still uses the name karate had before it became "empty hand". Hwang later renamed it Soo Bahk Do. Other schools followed, and the Korean War (1950–1953) brought these arts into the army.

Key people: General Choi

Choi Hong-hi was born on 9 November 1918 and died on 15 June 2002. As a student in Japan he trained in karate and reached first dan in 1939. He served in the new South Korean army and rose to major general in 1954. In 1952 President Syngman Rhee watched a martial arts demonstration by two officers, Choi and Nam Tae-hi, He mistook what he saw for taekkyeon and urged that martial arts be brought into the army under a single system. Choi became the great promoter of a Korean art, first inside the military, then around the world.

Choi Hong-hi in 1970.
Choi Hong-hi in 1970. Author: Mehran Eisazadeh · Licence: CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

A name is born

On 11 April 1955 a group of masters led by Choi chose the name taekwondo, "the way of foot and fist". Unifying the kwan proved hard. In 1959 the schools came together in the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA), but the movement ended in a split. Choi founded the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) in 1966, keeping his patterns and a style closer to the roots. In 1972 the South Korean government withdrew its support for the ITF, and the ITF carried on as an independent federation, with its headquarters in Toronto, Canada.

In Seoul a separate path took shape. In 1972 the KTA Central Dojang opened, and in 1973 it was renamed Kukkiwon. It is the government-backed national academy that defines the curriculum, issues black belt ranks and sets the official forms. The same year the KTA set up the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) to run the sport side. It was renamed World Taekwondo in 2017, partly because the old initials had gained an unfortunate meaning online.

The Kukkiwon in Seoul (photo from 2019).
The Kukkiwon in Seoul (photo from 2019). Author: Seoul Institute · Licence: CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Techniques and forms

Taekwondo is known for its kicks: turning, spinning, jumping and aimed high. Practice has four main parts. Forms are fixed sequences of blocks, punches and kicks. Kyorugi is sparring. Gyeokpa is the breaking of boards, sometimes bricks or tiles. And there is self-defence. The two families use different forms. The ITF practises tul; Choi defined 24 Chang Hon patterns, whose names refer to Korean history and philosophy. The Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo use poomsae.

In Olympic sparring, contact is full and the clock keeps running. Fighters wear a helmet and a torso protector, the hogu. Since 2017 all major events use electronic scoring, with sensors in the hogu, the headgear and the foot socks. Kicks that turn or spin, and kicks to the head, score more than a plain kick to the body. That rule explains the acrobatic style seen on television. ITF tournaments use a different, lighter point-sparring format in which punches to the head are allowed.

Today and federations

The WT version entered the Olympics as a demonstration at Seoul 1988 and became a full medal sport at Sydney 2000. With judo and karate, it is one of the few Asian martial arts to have featured at the Games. The ITF did not stay united either: after Choi retired it split in 2001 and again in 2002 into three federations, based in Austria, the United Kingdom and Spain. All three still use the same name and practise Choi's style. The founding kwan still exist as fraternal organisations that support the Kukkiwon. In 2018 the South Korean government officially declared taekwondo Korea's national martial art.

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Curiosities

In Korean, tae means foot, kwon fist and do way. Because the Kukkiwon sets the curriculum and WT runs the competitions, the Olympic style is often called "WT taekwondo", although it is really defined by the Kukkiwon. Electronic headgear did not end every argument either. Because the sensors only measure contact, critics say they reward some touches that are not proper taekwondo kicks. In the United States, the Chung Do Kwan teacher Jhoon Rhee, who opened a chain of schools around Washington, D.C. in 1962, became known as the "father of taekwondo in the United States".

Timeline

  1. 1910Korea comes under Japanese rule.
  2. 1944Lee Won-kuk opens Chung Do Kwan.
  3. 1945Liberation; Hwang Kee founds Moo Duk Kwan.
  4. 1955The name 'taekwondo' is adopted.
  5. 1959The kwan found the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA).
  6. 1966Choi Hong-hi founds the ITF.
  7. 1973WTF founded (now World Taekwondo).
  8. 1988Demonstration sport at the Seoul Games.
  9. 2000Taekwondo debuts as an Olympic sport in Sydney.
  10. 2011Taekkyeon inscribed on UNESCO's Intangible Heritage list.
  11. 2018Declared Korea's national martial art.

Related arts on Wabukan

taekwondo taekkyon tang-soo-do hapkido

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Taekwondo ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Taekkyeon ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Kwan (martial arts) ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Chung Do Kwan ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Moo Duk Kwan ↗
  6. Wikipedia (EN) — Tang Soo Do ↗
  7. Wikipedia (EN) — Choi Hong-hi ↗
  8. Wikipedia (EN) — ITF ↗
  9. Wikipedia (EN) — World Taekwondo ↗
  10. UNESCO — Taekkyeon ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.