✦ Member
← All arts

WABUKAN article · 武術 · 散打

Modern wushu and sanda: kung fu as a sport

Spinning jumps, whistling swords, twirling staffs, and, on a raised platform, two fighters trading kicks and throws. The two faces of sport wushu came from one idea: turning China's traditional arts into a national sport.

From guoshu to wushu

In the early 20th century China wanted to modernise, and many saw martial arts as a way to strengthen the nation. One early example was the Jingwu athletic association, founded in 1910. In March 1928 the Nationalist government founded the Central Guoshu Institute ("national art") in Nanjing. Its driving force was General Zhang Zhijiang (1882–1966), who wanted to unite masters of many styles under one roof.

General Zhang Zhijiang, founder of the Central Guoshu Institute.
General Zhang Zhijiang, founder of the Central Guoshu Institute. Author: Unknown author · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

The institute drew some of the most famous teachers of the time. Sun Lutang was head instructor of xingyiquan, Yang Chengfu of tai chi and Fu Zhensong of baguazhang. In 1928 it held two great national tournaments on the lei tai, the raised fighting platform. The first, in April in Beijing, drew 400 of China's best martial artists. The second, in October in Nanjing, drew 600, and the fighting had to be halted after a few days because so many were badly hurt. In 1929 the governor of Guangdong invited several masters south to found a Southern Guoshu Institute, and five of them became known as the "Five Tigers". In 1936 a Chinese team gave demonstrations at the Berlin Olympics. The institute closed in 1948.

The People's Republic and the sport model

After 1949 the People's Republic reorganised these arts under the name wushu. In 1958 the government set up a national body for martial arts training, and committees created standardised competition forms, judged like gymnastics: difficulty, precision, beauty. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) many traditional masters were persecuted and teaching almost stopped. When practice resumed, the sport model dominated.

A taolu team at a competition in Ankara (2011).
A taolu team at a competition in Ankara (2011). Author: user:Sahim · Licence: CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Taolu: the forms

Taolu is the routines side. There are empty-hand events, led by changquan (long fist) and nanquan (southern fist), as well as weapons events and tai chi. Judges score the quality of movement, the overall performance and, since a major revision in 2003, the degree of difficulty, or nandu. This made jumps and spins, with their precise landings, decisive for winning: two of the ten points depend on them. Wushu joined the Beijing Asian Games in 1990, the year the International Wushu Federation (IWUF) was born. The first World Championships followed in 1991.

Sanda: the fight

Sanda (or sanshou, "free hands") grew out of military training. The Kuomintang used it at the Whampoa military academy in the 1920s, and after moving to Taiwan the Nationalist government held full-contact tournaments in the 1950s under the name lei tai. On the mainland, sanda gained sport rules from the late 1970s. It combines punches, kicks and throws drawn from traditional shuai jiao wrestling. Bouts take place in a ring or on the raised lei tai, where pushing the opponent off the platform also scores. You win by knockout or on points. For safety, techniques from the self-defence curriculum such as elbow strikes, chokes and joint locks are banned in amateur bouts, and a clinch is broken by the referee if neither fighter throws in time. Professional sanda allows knee strikes, including to the head. Many MMA and kickboxing fighters came from this school.

A kick in a sanda practice fight in Katwijk, Netherlands, 2006.
A kick in a sanda practice fight in Katwijk, Netherlands, 2006. Author: Richardkw · Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Family of branches

Simplified chart: many styles have more than one root.

Key people

Jet Li won the Chinese national wushu championship several times before becoming an international film star. Russia's Muslim Salikhov won sanda gold at the 2008 Beijing Wushu Tournament, won five world titles and later fought in the UFC. Behind them stand the masters of the Guoshu era, such as Sun Lutang and Fu Zhensong, whose styles are still taught today.

Today and federations

The IWUF governs taolu and sanda around the world and runs world championships for adults and juniors. Wushu has never been part of the Olympic programme. In 2008 the IOC allowed the Beijing organisers to hold a wushu tournament alongside the Games as a separate event, the first time that had happened. Wushu was a demonstration sport at the 2014 Youth Olympics in Nanjing and is scheduled for the 2026 Youth Olympics in Dakar.

Curiosities

The word wushu simply means "martial art", while guoshu meant "national art". It was the term adopted by the Republic of China, and the International Chinese Kuoshu Federation, based in Taiwan, keeps the old name. Early lei tai fights had almost no rules, and losers could be seriously hurt. Modern sanda keeps the platform but adds protective gear and limits. At the October 1928 tournament the 600 entrants were split into two categories, "Shaolin" and "Wudang". The last twelve contestants were never allowed to fight for the title; the public reason given was fear of more injuries or a death.

Timeline

  1. 1910The Jingwu association is founded.
  2. 1928Central Guoshu Institute founded in Nanjing.
  3. 1936Chinese team demonstrates at the Berlin Olympics.
  4. 1958A national wushu body is set up; standard forms follow.
  5. 1966Cultural Revolution: masters persecuted until 1976.
  6. 1990Wushu at the Beijing Asian Games; IWUF founded.
  7. 19911st World Wushu Championships, Beijing.
  8. 2003Taolu rule revision introduces nandu (difficulty).
  9. 2008Wushu tournament held alongside the Beijing Olympics.
  10. 2014Demonstration sport at the Nanjing Youth Olympics.

Related arts on Wabukan

wushu-taolu sanda kung-fu shuai-jiao

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Wikipedia (EN) — Wushu (sport) ↗
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Sanshou ↗
  3. Wikipedia (EN) — Central Guoshu Institute ↗
  4. Wikipedia (EN) — Chinese martial arts ↗
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Cultural Revolution ↗
  6. International Wushu Federation ↗

Images

Map, timeline and tree: original WABUKAN illustrations.