ASIA 

CORNELL 

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CHARLES WILLIAM WASON 

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AND THE CHINESE 

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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023281524 

By H. IRVING HANCOCH 

Japanese Physical Training 

(Jiu-jitsu). l2mo. ig illustrations. 

Physical Training tor Women 

By Japanese Methods (Jiu-jitsu). 

i2mo. 32 illustrations 

Physical Training tor Children 

By Japanese Methods (Jiu-jitsu). 

i2mo. 32 illustrations 

Jiuojitsu Combat Tricks 

With 32 illustrations 

Life at West Point 

i2mo. With 25 illustrations 

Ne-w YorK London 

No. 1. ONE OF THE SIMPLEST FORMS OF THROW-OFF OF THROAT-HOLD. 

Jiu-jitsu Combat 
Triclcs 

Japanese Feats of Attack and Defence in 
Personal Encounter 

BY 

H. Irving Hancock 

Author of "Japanese Physical Training," "Physical Training for 

Women by Japanese Methods," "Physical Training 

for Children by Japanese Methods," 

"I,ife at West Point," etc. 

Illustrated with Thirty-two Photographs 
Taken from Life by A. B. Phelan and Others 

New York and London 

Sbe fcnicherboclsec iPress 
COPVKIGHT, I()04 
BY 

Published, September, 1904 

TCbe Kniclietboclier presB, Dew Uoili 

INTRODUCTION 

IT is but a few years ago sX jiu-jitsu waa unknown to the Western world. To-day the 
name is understood very generally, in Engilshspeaking countries, to refer to that mysterious 
art of self-defence by which the Japanese prove 
antagonists whom it is impossible to defeat in 
physical encounter. To some extent, too, a 
little knowledge of this strange art has come to 
us. Within the next few years it is to be expected that jiujitsu will be as well understood 
by us as boxing is to-day. 

A knowledge of the Japanese art reduces 
boxing from a science of defence to the status 
of an excellent exercise. The well-trained y?«jitsian is able to meet and to defeat the fistic 
expert at all points. In this volume much attention has been paid to the methods by which 
the Japanese overcomes the exponent of ring 
work. 

In scope the feats described in this volume 

iv Introduction 

comprise all that is essential in jiu-jitsu for 
purposes of personal encounter. Much that 
would be of interest only under Japanese conditions of life has been omitted. The tricks 
selected for analysis in this volume are those 
that are of the most value to the man of Anglo- 
Saxon heritage in matters of fighting. 

Without doubt it will be urged that some of 
the Japanese feats explained in the following 
pages are, in the language of the ring, foul. 
But fighting is an ugly business from the nature 
of things, and the Japanese contend that any 
means that brings victory is justifiable. It may 
be added that few men defeated by 3. jiu-jitsian 
are disabled for a period longer than a few moments following defeat. The lacerations and 
contusions that follow fisticuffs are unknown in 
Japan, where to disfigure an opponent would 
be considered a disgrace to the victor. Jiujitsu, while stern work, is the essence of politeness; it is aimed to show a bully the folly of 
fighting. 

The greatest charm of all about jiu-jitsu is 
that it does not call for the employment of 
great strength. The weaker man, if skilled, is 

Introduction v 

able to vanquish his stronger but unversed 
opponent. The art has a history of more than 
twenty-five centuries, and, during its long 
course of evolution, jtu-jttsu has been perfected 
as the art of the smaller, weaker man. 

Daily practice in this novel physical work 
makes rapidly for agility of body and of mind, 
and for great physical endurance. The Japanese soldier, sailor, and policeman take a compulsory government course in jiu-jitsu. The 
physical performances of the Japanese in their 
war with Russia should be sufficient to establish even seemingly extravagant claims for the 
value of jiujitsu as the best system of bodily 
training known to the world. 

H. Irving Hancock. 

Preliminary Training— How to Strengthen the Hands 
for Attack, and How to Toughen the Vulnerable 
Parts for Defence — Practice must be Constant until Performance of the Tricks Becomes Second 
Nature — Don't be in a Hurry to "Show Off" a 
New Trick to Friends — Coolness Absolutely Necessary to Success I 

An Ordinary Throat- Hold Its Throw-Off and the 
Sequence — ^A Scientific "Jiu-jitsu" Throat-Hold — 
Other Methods of Seizing by the Throat ii 

Throat-Hold Attack and Counter Defences — A Throat- 
Hold from the Rear, and Its Combination with a 
Throw— The Defence— Different Styles of Hand- 
Blows in Defence 21 

The Right Way and the Wrong Way to Trip an Opponent— How to Dodge the Trip — How to Kneel and 
Trip an Adversary — Counters That Are Possible 31 

Throat-Hold and Arm Throws over the Shoulder — The 
Kneeling and Rising Throw over the Shoulder — 
How to Render the Fallen Adversary Helpless 40 

The Boxer's Tricks Utterly Useless against the "Jiujitsu Adept— Why the Edge of the Hand is a More 
Dangerous Weapon than the Clinched Fist — The 
Use of the Base of the Hand— A Few PreUminary 
Ways of Stopping the Blows of the Boxer, with 
Damage to the Latter when Desired 5° 

Arm-Hook and Fend-Off against the Boxer — Fend-Off 
and Kidney Blow — More about Side, Kidney, and 
Abdomen Blows, and When and How to Use 
Them— Dangers of the Base-of-the-Spine Blow — A 
Trick to be Used only in Desperate Cases 59 

On the Gradual Acquirement of Speed — The Need of 
Working, Now, with an Experienced Boxer — 
Taking a Club Away from an Opponent — Agility 
Gained by this Work — Side-Stepping as Second 
Nature. 69 

The Neatest of All "Jiu-jitsu" Ways of Stopping a 
Boxer — Flooring and Holding Him Helpless without Doing Him Damage — Another Effective Way 
of Holding a Victim in Subjection after Having 
Thrown Him either in Boxing or in Wrestling 77 

Forcing the Boxer to Fend His Own Blow — The Fall 
That Follows— The Nearest That the "Jiu-jitsu" 
Adept Comes to Our Style of Boxing — Guarding 
against the Throat-blow and the Solar-Plexus Jab 85 

Two Safe, Certain, and Easy Holds for Reducing an 
Opponent — Straining an Adversary's Arm over 
the Shoulder — How the Victory may be Followed 
up with a Throw in Either of the Three Cases 95 

Tricks That may be Described as Humorous — One in 
Which the Policeman will See no Fun when He 
Happens to be the Victim, unless He Knows the 
"Counter," Which is also Described — The "Devil's 
Hand-Shake" — How the Japanese Policeman Forces 
a Prisoner to Accompany Him — The Value of this 
Trick in Ejecting a Troublesome Person 105 

A Clever Japanese Way of Exposing Shammed Unconsciousness— The Shoulder Pinch as a Means of 
Defence — A Handy Way of Stopping a Fight in a 
Second — An Attack from Behind That Leaves the 
Victim without Defence, and Its Application to a. 
Burglar or Other Intruder 115 

Two Excellent Combination Attacks for Extreme Occasions— How to Stop a Passing Fugitive in the Street 
— How to Overtake a Fugitive and Reduce Him to 
Submission 125 

Some Nice Problems in Attack and Defence that the 
Student can Solve with the Aid of What has been 
Described and the Hints That are Now Given 134 

Finishing Touches in the Japanese Science of Attack 
and Defence — A Summary of the Best Feats for 
Women to Practise and to Use at Need — Final 
Cautions to the Student Who would be Expert in 
"Jiu-jitsu" 144 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

No. I. One of the Simplest Forms of Throw-Off 
OF Throat-Hold Frontispiece 

No. 2. An Advantage that Results from the 
Defense Shown in Preceding Illustration 

No. 3. A Correct Jiu-Jitsu Throat-Hold 

No. 4. Simultaneous Attack — Throat-Hold and 
Hand-Pinch 

No. 5. A Throat-Hold and Throw by an Assailant in the Rear 

No. 6. The Wrong Way to Trip 

No. 7. The Right Way to Trip 

No. 8. The Trip from a Kneeling Position 
No. g. Throat-Hold with Throw over the Hip 40 

No. 10. Straining an Opponent's Arm after he 

has been Thrown 46 

No. II. Jiu-JiTsu against the Boxer — A Simple 

Style of Defense 52 

No. 12. Defense against Both Fists of the Boxer 54 

No. 13. The Boxer's Right Stopped and on 

Guard against His Left 56 

No. 14. A Hook over a Low Left-Hander and a 

Ward-Off for the Right .64 

xii Illustrations 

PAGB 

No. 15. Thk Kidney Blow against a Boxer — 

Useful under Many Other Conditions 66 

No. 16. Another Thing that the Jiu-Jitsu Man 

Does to the Boxer 78 

No. 17. The Convincing Finish of Defense Shown 

IN Preceding Illustration 80 

No. 18. Another Useful Method of Holding an 
Opponent Down — Employed against a Boxer 
AND in Wrestling 82 

No. 19. Using Opponent's Left as a Guard 
AGAINST His Own Right — This Feat Ends 
in a Throw 86 

No. 20. The Nearest Jiu-Jitsu Approach to 

Boxing 90 

No. 21. Guarding against Neck Blow and Solar- 
Plexus Jab 92 

No. 22. A Hold from the Rear that Precedes a 

Throw 96 

No. 23. A Simple Hold that Renders an Assailant Helpless gg 

No. 24. Straining a Forearm over the Shoulder 102 

No. 26. Shoulder-Pinch and Solar-Plexus Jab — 
Useful also in Exposing Shammed Unconsciousness JI5 

No. 27. Preventing an Injury to Knee or 

other Contiguous Parts 118 

No. 28. Straining an Arm as a Stop to Fighting 120 

Illustrations xiii 

No. 2g. A Feat Used either as a Hold or for a 

Throw 122 

No. 30. An Ugly Back-of-the-Neck Blow 126 

No. 31. A Possible Complication in Simultaneous 

Attack 128 

No. 32. One Jiu-Jitsu Method of Halting a 

Running Fugitive 132 

JIU-JITSU COMBAT 
TRICKS 

PRELIMINARY TRAININ G — H O W TO 
STRENGTHEN THE HANDS FOR ATTACK, 
AND HOW TO TOUGHEN THE VULNERABLE 
PARTS FOR DEFENCE — PRACTICE MUST 
BE CONSTANT UNTIL PERFORMANCE OF 
THE TRICKS BECOMES SECOND NATURE — 
DON'T BE IN A HURRY TO "SHOW OFF" 
A NEW TRICK TO FRIENDS — COOLNESS 
ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY TO SUCCESS 

IT is true that the offensive and defensive 
feats oi jiu-jitsu combat may be undertaken 
without any preliminary training. Yet it is 
equally true that not so good results are secured by this course as are to be had when the 
application of the work is based on a proper 

foundation of well-trained muscles and with 
other parts of the body properly prepared for 
the tasks that are to be exacted of them. 

Jiu-jitsu does not demand muscular development to the same extent that it is needed in 
the practice of boxing or of wrestling, but it is 
well — and very nearly absolutely essential — to 
possess nerves and muscles that are especially 
trained to respond with lightning-like swiftness 
to the demands that are put upon them by the 
peculiarities of the Japanese style of personal 
encounter. The Japanese blows are struck 
with greater speed than are those used by 
Anglo-Saxon boxers, and must be landed with 
far greater exactness. 

The expert at jiu-jitsu is able to defeat the 
boxer easily and signally. It follows, therefore, that the blow must have both superior 
speed and effect. 

What, then, are the methods of preliminary 
training that give these advantages. It has 
been pointed out in my previous works on this 
subject that the Japanese experts themselves 
differ considerably as to the best methods of 
bringing the muscles and their governing nerves 

into the most serviceable condition. Just as 
jiu-jitsu has been made to evolve into at least 
a half-dozen distinct though closely related 
schools of execution, so there are many different ideas among the initiated as to how the 
body is to be prepared. Some teachers oi jiujitsu give no preliminary gymnastic work, but 
proceed at once to the practice of the feats of 
attack and defence, and rely upon continued 
practice in this work to give the muscles the 
peculiar tone that is needed. Other teachers, 
again, have their own special systems of gymnastics, and these latter, while differing in form, 
are all based upon and meet the same requirements. 

In the three volumes that the author has 
offered to the public on the subject of physical 
training according to Japanese methods there 
has been explained an eclectic system of preparation that is undoubtedly the best that Japan 
has to offer. This system is based, for the 
most part, on the teachings of one of the most 
modern of Tokio's jiu-jitsu experts, while 
features have been taken also from the teachings of many other noted exponents of to-day. 

This system of bodily training, then, as described in the author's three preceding volumes, 
furnishes the best muscular basis for the work 
that is to be explained in this volume. But, 
once the muscles have been put in proper responsive condition, there are other demands to 
be considered. For instance, the Japanese 
does not strike with his clenched fist, but with 
the inner or little finger edge of the palm. 
This edge of the palm, then, must be put in 
the most favourable trim for severe attack. 
The edge must be hard — capable of inflicting 
injury and of enduring sharp concussion. 

For training the edge of the hand thus there 
is a very simple method that calls only for time 
and patience. Strike the edge of the hand 
lightly but repeatedly against a wooden or 
some similar surface. It is never necessary to 
increase the severity of this training blow, but 
at least twenty minutes daily should be given 
to this hardening process. For this no time 
need be taken from other occupations. When 
seated reading, exercise the edge of that hand 
which is not employed in holding the book. 
At times when neither hand is otherwise 

occupied the edges of both may be exercised 
simultaneously. The importance of so training 
the edges of the hands is not to be estimated 
lightly, and this toughening should be followed 
diligently for some months. The harder the 
edge of the hand is made the more effective 
will be the blows struck with it, and with the 
least exertion on the part of the combatant. 

At the same time the parts of the body that 
are likely to be struck by an opponent must be 
hardened. This is accomplished most effectively by daily assaults upon these parts of the 
body. In other words, harden any given part 
of the body by repeated endurance of the kind 
oi jiu-jitsu attack that would be made upon it. 
This attack, when made in practice, is not employed with the same severity that would be 
used in actual, serious combat. 

An attack against the solar plexus may be 
resisted, to some extent, by drawing in the 
abdomen and tensing its muscles but this is 
not all-sufficient. The endurance of light but 
repeated attacks on the solar plexus will do far 
more to harden that sensitive spot against 
actual and vicious attack. 

He who is to do well in the mastery of jiujitsu must have from the outset a friend with 
whom he can practise the work continuously 
and enthusiastically. This practice must be 
had daily, and must be carried on with as much 
severity as can be employed without inflicting 
injury of serious nature. A movement, when 
first undertaken, should be gone through with 
slowly and analytically. Just as soon as the 
idea has been mastered, then every energy 
should be devoted to performing the feat with 
ever increasing speed. In order to be effective 
in the end, one must be able to do all of the 
work with a speed resembling that of thought. 
Every time the beginner employs a given feat 
he must make it a point to carry it out with all 
the speed that is in him. Speed must become 
so much of a habit that, in the end, its employment will be automatic — without thought ! 1 

To the student o{ jiu-jitsu combat this bit of 
advice will be found excellent 

"Don't be in a hurry to show off a new trick 
to your friends. 

Japanese combat is all so new and so wonderful to the Occidental beginner, and so superior 

in effectiveness to our own styles of encounter, 
that the learner is tempted to display his new 
acquirement just as soon as he thinks he has 
mastered it. Don't be like a boy with a new 
toy. Don't expect, after a few trials of a new 
feat, to be able to down a friend who is unfortunate enough to know nothing better than 
Anglo-Saxon methods of defence. The expert 
boxer has devoted years to the practice of his 
art. It is unreasonable to expect that, after 
merely an afternoon's practice, you will be able 
to defeat him at his own game. The beginner 
who disregards this advice, instead of proving 
his own impregnability, will go down to defeat 
and expose himself to ridicule. 

Never allow yourself to become flustered. 
From the outset cultivate absolute coolness, or 
you will never become thoroughly proficient. 
If you discover any flaw in trick of attack or 
defence, take defeat philosophically note just 
what the flaw is and study, patiently and calculatingly, how to remedy it. In the beginning 
it is well always to practise with the same 
friend. After a while try the work on other 
fellow students. Occasional change from one 

opponent to another is advisable in order to 
escape the danger of falling into a style of work 
too automatically conceived. When you have 
an opponent who always makes a given move 
in an exact and unvarying way you are in 
danger of falling into his rut, and thus of being 
unprepared to meet a slight variation in the 
performance of the feat. 

As to the amount of practice needed for the 
perfect mastery of any one trick, this depends, 
in the first place, upon the nature of the trick, 
and much more upon the qualifications of the 
performer. Some feats are so simple that they 
have been mastered forever after a very few 
trials. Others will require frequent practice 
during a period of many weeks. 

Be patient. Expect little or nothing in a 
hurry. Place an invariable exaction upon 
yourself that each given feat must be performed 
a little better each time that it is undertaken. 
Don't balk at repeated practice of each trick. 
Practice must be continued until the feat is 
performed with the utmost speed of which the 
body is capable. Even when this speed is obtained, practice must go patiently on until the 

student performs whatever trick is needed as a 
matter of second nature, and with the prompt 
response and the precision of an automaton. 

The student who has but limited time for 
practice will do well not to attempt the mastery 
of all the feats described in this volume. A 
dozen tricks, well-mastered, will make any man 
formidable — invincible to an opponent who 
does not understand them. If a dozen tricks 
be taken up at the outset, and are acquired 
with perfection of detail and speed, then the 
student may add one or two, and one or two 
more, and so on, as he finds the time. 

Good nature is highly necessary. Many of 
the blows, holds, and pressures of jiu-jitsu inflict considerable momentary pain, which is 
borne more easily when it is remembered that 
the other fellow is taking the same chances. 

In the art of jiu-jitsu mere theory, valuable 
though it is, will not suffice. One may learn 
by rote all of the descriptions given in this 
volume and be hardly a whit better off in the 
moment of vicious assault upon his person. 
The student's motto must be practice — constant practice! It is worth something to be 

able to walk abroad secure in the knowledge 
that though one possesses but very ordinary 
physique, he is the master of tricks of combat 
that make him more than the physical peer of 
an adversary who is much larger and stronger ! 

AN ORDINARY THROAT-HOLD, ITS THROW-OFF 
AND THE SEQUENCE — A SCIENTIFIC "JIU- 
JITSU THROAT-HOLD — OTHER METHODS 
OF SEIZING BY THE THROAT 

WHEN attacking an opponent men of all 
degrees of barbarity and of civilisation 
are prone to seize the intended victim by the 
throat. Nor is the reason for the popularity 
of this style of attack hard to find. It is hard 
to conceive of a man so ignorant that he does 
not know that, by shutting off his adversary's 
power of breathing, he thereby does away with 
the possibility of prolonged resistance. 

So overmastering is a severe throat-hold that 
the victim, if he is an untrained man, rarely 
has, the presence of mind to relieve himself of 
the oppression by a counter attack on some 
portion of his assailant's body. Instead, the 
victim involuntarily clutches at the oppressing 
hands that are choking off his supply of air, 

and tries to drag them away. If the strangling 
hold is well taken it is all but impossible to 
force the attacking hands away in time, and 
the victim is reduced to submission. 

Evidently strangling was as popular among 
the primitive Japanese as it has been in other 
parts of the world, for the jiu-jitsu adepts of 
ancient Japan have handed down to us the results of much thought both as to the taking 
of strangle holds and the quick and efficient 
breaking of them. There are many styles of 
throat attack and of defence from it, and in this 
volume enough of this work will be described 
to apply to any possible problem in connection 
with choking as a means of combat. 

In Anglo-Saxon countries few men will be 
found who have progressed far in throat attack. Almost invariably the attack is made 
merely by grasping the front of the throat with 
both hands and doing one's best to retain the 
hold until the opponent's resistance is stopped. 
Such a throat-hold is indicated in photograph 
No. I. It will be well to study the counter of 
the intended victim carefully, and to verify 
and acquire it by considerable patient practice. 

The victim places his hands, with palms together, under the assailant's arms, and with 
backs of the hands outward. With a quick 
upward movement the victim thrusts his joined 
hands between the arms of his assailant. As 
soon as the victim's hands have gone upward 
as far as they will go the joined hands are 
separated, and each is thrown violently out far 
to its own side of the body. 

If this is not wholly clear, take another look 
at the illustration. Imagine that the victim's 
hands are a little higher up, and that the outer 
sides of his upper arms press against the inner 
sides of his assailant's arms. Now, imagine 
the victim's hands to be shot out suddenly 
sideways with all the force possible. His moving arms strongly force away the arms of the 
attacking man, and the throat-hold is broken. 

Where too much muscular strength is not 
needed for breaking the throat-hold this is the 
best method, and it is also the swiftest known 
to jiu-jitsu. Where more force is required, 
however, in order to break the assailant's grip, 
the method illustrated in the photograph opposite page no in my former work, Japanese 

Physical Training, is needed. This latter feat 
is slower of execution, but supplies greate^ 
force in breaking a throat-hold. In this latter? 
feat the victim clenches his hands, with fingers 
tightly interlaced, just before his abdomen.| 
Both arms are given a violent swing to the 
left, up and over, striking the assailant's righti 
elbow and carrying away the attacking arms 
by sheer force of momentum. 

Returning to the defence shown in the first 
illustration, where the victim shoots both hands 
up between the assailant's arms, this feat can 
be followed up by a very effective piece of work 
that transforms the recent victim into the new 
assailant. It will be remembered that the late 
victim's hands, by the time he has broken the 
throat-hold, are in between the opponent's 
arms. From this position let the late victim, 
without an instant's delay, throw his hands 
around the back of the opponent's head, join- 
ing the hands — and interlacing the fingers — 
just at the base of the skull. Jerk the opponent's head forward and downward toward 
the ground. It is easy to bear him down, and 
at the same time the new assailant should dart 
o 

backward two or three steps, dragging his 
bent-over adversary with him and forcing him 
to the floor with a quick jerk, stretching the 
man prostrate and face downward. 

But if the man whose head is caught in this 
unpleasant fashion is versed m jiu-jitsu, and is 
quick enough, it is possible for him to escape 
being thrown face downward, and to be ready 
at once to resume the aggressive. American 
physical trainers have assured me that there is 
next to no possibility of defence when this 
back-of-the-head hold is well taken. It has 
been my pleasure to show several of these 
gentlemen that they were in error. 

Allow the companion with whom you are 
practising to secure this back-of-the-head hold 
and to bend your head as close to the floor as 
is shown in photograph No. 2, Make a slight 
feint of "ducking and of wriggling your head 
out at the left. Almost unconsciously your 
assailant will throw his clasped hands over to 
the same side in order to prevent your escape. 
Follow this feint instantly by a decided "duck" 
and a wriggle-out at your right side, and you 
will escape and bring yourself erect. It must 

be remembered, however, to make the feint to 
the left not too pronounced, and to follow it 
up instantly by the more vigorous effort to the 
right. Of course, if preferred, the feint may be 
made to your right, and the escape to your left. 

Now, for a scientiHc jm-j'ztsu throat-hold that 
is not broken easily. It will have to be performed slowly at first until the theory is mastered. Begin the attack by extending your 
hands palms upward. Force the hands under 
the opponent's coat -collar on either side of his 
neck, and with the fingers take a forcible grip 
of the collar on either side of the neck, and 
well back. Now, twist the hands over to the 
inside so that the backs are up and the tips of 
the thumbs against the throat. At a point on 
either side just below the level of the "Adam's 
apple, and an inch or so back from its perpendicular line, press the balls of the thumbs 
severely in. This exact spot of contact for the 
thumbs can be found by experimenting on 
one's own throat until the place is located 
where the pressure accomplishes strangling* 
most effectively. 

Practise this feat over and over again until it 

is possible to seize the opponent by the coatcollar and to apply the strangling pressure with 
the balls of the thumbs with great speed and 
effectiveness. It is all but impossible to break 
this hold when it is well taken, for the fingers 
grip the coat -collar so tightly as to make their 
dislodgment no easy task, and the balls of 
the thumbs accomplish the strangling with 
certainty. 

Still another scientific throat-hold is depicted 
in photograph No. 3. Here the assailant's 
arms are crossed. With his left hand the attacking one grips the victim's left coat-collar 
well forward, and with his right hand grips the 
victim's right coat-collar — and further back on 
this side. With the grip of both hands tightly 
maintained the fists are drawn closer together 
across the front of the victim's throat, and in 
such manner that severe pressure with the assailant's right fore-arm is applied to the right 
side of the victim's throat just back of the 
 'Adam's apple." With a little experimenting, a very effective strangling trick is secured, 
and one that cannot be defeated by either of 
the counters already described. 

When employing either of these strangles 
the assailant can, if he wishes, strike one of his 
knees smartly into the crotch or abdomen of 
his victim, and thus bring the attack to a sharp 
culmination. The victim, of course, if he be 
equally quick, can counter this last blow by 
raising one of his knees to block the attack. 

For either of the two strangle-holds just described there is but one useful style of defence. 
It requires presence of mind and the quickest 
of action, and, for both reasons, this counter 
should be practised persistently, and always 
with all possible speed, until it becomes second 
nature, and is performed all but automatically. 
This style of defence calls for a solar-plexus 
jab. Failing in touching the plexus, the attack 
may be delivered full in the abdomen and with 
emphatic force. If this defence is well made 
the assailant may be depended upon to let go 
his throat-hold with alacrity. 

The jab in the solar plexus is delivered with 
the points of the first and second fingers, and 
with the forefinger uppermost. At the instant 
of striking the hand is turned quickly to the 
outside, so that not only is the blow delivered, 

but a sickening "dig" accompanies the act. 
If, however, the two fingers are struck against 
the abdomen, the "dig need not be added, as 
it accomplishes little or nothing in this instance. 

Naturally the question will arise: 

"Why may not the blow be given as well 
with the fist as with the tips of the two first 
fingers ? 

The answer to this query will be apparent 
after a moment of thought. The blow with 
the fist distributes the shock of impact over 
too extensive a surface, and the effect is much 
less than when the shock is confined to a very 
small surface by striking with the tips of two 
fingers. It is for the same reason that the 
Japanese adept does not employ his clenched 
fist against an adversary's bone, but always 
uses the little finger edge of his palm to administer a sharp blow. 

Patient study should be given to the few 
feats of attack and defence described in this 
chapter, and this remark applies with equal 
force to all of the feats that are to follow. 
First of all, grasp the idea, and then perfect 
theory by slow, analytical practice. Once the 

theory has been mastered, work for gradually 
increasing speed until, at last, it is possible to 
perform the feat with the utmost quickness and 
with never a fumble. Much depends upon 
thorough acquirement of the theory, and as 
much more depends on slowly and studiously 
increasing the speed until it has reached the 
limit of quick performance. 

Nothing is gained by hasty and careless 
study of jiu-jitsu work. He who takes it up 
in this slip-shod manner will find that he has 
added little or nothing to his expertness in 
personal encounter. 

Be thorough— patient — painstaking ! 

THROAT-HOLD ATTACK AND COUNTER DE- 
FENCES— A THROAT-HOLD FROM THE 
REAR, AND ITS COMBINATION WITH A 
THROW — THE DEFENCE — DIFFERENT 
STYLES OF HAND-BLOWS IN DEFENCE. 

IN addition to the throat-hold throw-offs 
already described there is one that must be 
acquired by every jiu-jitsian. This feat may 
be designated as the "cork-screw throw-oil," 
or may be known by any more fanciful name 
that suits the pleasure of the student. 

Suppose that the assailant has employed his 
right hand in securing a throat-hold on the 
victim, or in forcing his hand under the chin 
and that the assailant's left arm is thrown 
around the lower back, of the victim. Such an 
attack is shown in the illustration opposite 
page 104 of Japanese Physical Training. It 
is in this case that the victim may employ 
the "cork-screw throw-off" to very good 
advantage. 

This is done by the victim throwing up his 
left arm inside his opponent's right. On the 
inside the victim's arm crosses the fore-arm of 
the assailant. Now, the victim's arm is forced 
out over the outside of the assailant's, the two 
engaged arms of the combatants crossing at 
about the elbow. Now, the victim's arm, on 
the outside of the assailant's, is forced in under 
the latter's upper arm, so that the backs of the 
victim's fingers press hard against the upper 
ribs of the assailant. 

It is important that this position be studied 
until it has been obtained to perfection. As 
soon as the position has been taken correctly, 
the victim should tense his own arm in such a 
way as to crush and weaken his adversary's, 
the victim at the same time giving as hard a 
dig as he can with the backs of his left fingers 
against the assailant's ribs. At the same time 
the victim forces his right hand under the assailant's chin, the thumb on one side of the 
throat and the fingers on the other. And the 
assailant's head is forced as far as possible over 
backward or sideways. In this manner a complete throw-off of the assailant's attack is made. 

No. 4. Simultaneous attack— throat-hold and hand-p;nch. 

It will serve for the student to remember 
that he has not mastered this feat in all its details until he is able to throw off the attack infallibly. Once the principle of the thing has 
been mastered, all future effort should be 
directed to gaining speed in the performance. 
It is not a difficult trick to acquire, and it is 
very effective. Should the assailant employ 
both hands in attacking the throat, then the 
victim must employ both of his arms against 
those of his adversary in the "cork-screw 
throw-off," and it is in this double style of the 
work that the effectiveness of the throw-off is 
most quickly seen. 

In photograph No. 4 is shown an attack and 
defence so quickly executed as to appear to be 
a simultaneous attack. The assailant has secured the victim's throat with the right hand, 
but the victim has caught the left hand with a 
pinch. This pinch is inflicted by pressing the 
ball of the thumb into the back of the hand 
between the bases of the little finger and its 
neighbour. The thumb is pressed in heavily, 
and ground over the muscles and nerves encountered there. It will be seen that the vie- 

tim, thanks to his quickness, has secured rather 
the best of it for, while both of the assailant's 
hands are now engaged, the victim has his left 
hand free for whatever style of attack seems 
best suited, supposably a solar-plexus jab. 
Under these circumstances it will be best for 
the assailant to free his captured hand, if he 
can do so by a quick wrench, and to follow up 
this unsuccessful attack by one more accurately 
judged. 

In photograph No. 5 is shown a style of 
throat-attack that is made from behind. The 
assailant is simultaneously raising one knee to 
give a severe blow in the buttocks or at the 
base of the spine. The knee-blow may be 
given, if preferred, against either kidney, the 
point of striking being in the soft part under 
the last rib. There is a third movement in this 
attack, which consists of dragging the victim 
over and dropping him on his back. All three 
movements should be performed as nearly 
simultaneously as possible. 

This may all be done so swiftly that it would 
seem impossible to devise an effective counter 
for the protection of the victim, but the Japan- 

No. 5. A THROAT-HOLD AND THROW BY AN ASSAILANT IN THE REAR. 

ese have solved the difficult problem. It will 
be understood, of course, that the defence 
must be made with great speed. 

The simplest defence consists, for the victim, 
in bending the body over to the right with a 
swift twist, giving the victim an opportunity 
to jab his left elbow backward with force into 
the assailant's solar plexus or abdomen, the 
force of this shock causing the assailant to 
abandon his hold. This will do well enough 
for the beginner in jiu-jitsu, but in the meantime he should carefully prepare for the two 
forms of defence that are now to be described. 

At the instant of attack the victim seizes his 
adversary's wrist with his own left hand. On 
the inside of the arm, about an inch above the 
elbow joint, and in line with the "knob" of 
bone at the joint is a nerve that may be severely 
pressed with the end of the thumb with a great 
deal of resulting pain. The victim's right hand 
is thrown around the assailant's arm at this 
point, from the outside, and the thumb is 
pressed forcibly against the nerve. The student should devote considerable study to the 
location and punishment of this nerve. 

Now, the victim, with his left hand around 
his opponent's right wrist and his right hand 
attacking the nerve above the assailant's right 
elbow, breaks the assailant's hold, forcing the 
latter's right arm up over the victim's head and 
down again, so that the victim has squirmed to 
the right of this attacking arm. In the next 
breath the victim throws his own right thigh 
back of his assailant's right thigh. The victim's left arm goes around the back of his assailant, while the victim's right hand is thrown 
across the front of the assailant's body, down, 
outside, and back of the assailant's left knee, 
back of which it hooks. Now, by giving a 
quick wrench forward and upward at the assailant's left knee, the victim is able to drop 
his opponent to the floor. 

The other form of defence consists in bringing the assailant's right arm forward over the 
right shoulder, after the manner illustrated in 
photograph No. 24. This is done at the instant when the assailant's hands are forced in 
apart in the manner just described. The palm 
of the assailant's captured hand is held upward, 
while the victim pulls down severely at the 

wrist, forcing the assailant's arm bones to "go 
the wrong way," and thus inflicting more 
pain than can be borne with composure. The 
pressure must be severe enough to force the 
balked assailant to surrender, and the pressure 
can be made hard enough, as will be readily 
understood, to break the assailant's captured 
arm. 

In performing this feat the student must be 
urged to locate the mentioned nerve above the 
elbow so thoroughly that he can attack it without a second's hesitation or fumbling. And 
when the assailant's arm is brought over the 
shoulder the palm of the hand must be up if 
the palm is held down it will be understood 
that the captured arm will bend readily, and 
the victim's defence will thus be rendered 
worthless. And while above, it is suggested 
that the assailant's captured arm be brought 
over the right shoulder, it is even better if the 
manoeuvre be so made that the arm is brought, 
instead, over the victim's left shoulder, and for 
a reason that will be comprehended after another study of photograph No. 24. But the 
defence of the victim must be made so quickly 

that circumstances decide which shoulder of 
the victim is to be used. 

In Chapter I. reference has been made to the 
fact that the jiu-jitsian does not employ his 
clenched fist in striking a blow, but uses the 
edge of his hand, generally the little finger 
edge. This does not mean the edge of the little 
finger, which should never be struck, but the 
edge of the palm on the little finger side. In 
striking, sometimes the palm of the hand is 
turned upward, and sometimes downward, just 
as the nature of the blow requires for striking 
most severely. In some instances, as in striking upward under the chin, the thumb edge of 
the palm is used, the thumb being folded 
downward over the palm. 

Here is a list of the more important blows 
that may be struck with the edge of the hand 

Lower Leg. — Across the shin on either side, 
and well to the front strike half-way up the 
lower leg. 

Upper Leg. — Strike half-way between knee 
and trunk, either across front of leg, or at outside of leg somewhat to the front. 

Side Blow. — Squarely on either side of the 

lower trunk, in the soft part just below the last 
rib. 

Kidney. — Strike over this organ in small of 
back, in soft part just below last rib. 

Wrist. — On either side, just back of joint. 

Fore-arm. — On either side, half-way between 
wrist and elbow. 

Upper Arm. — Strike across front of biceps, 
or on outside of arm and well to the front in 
either case point of striking to be midway between elbow and shoulder. 

Collar-bone. — In a close clinch, open at one 
side, strike with little finger edge of palm, hand 
almost perpendicular and fingers pointing up, 
on collar-bone midway between breast-bone 
and point of shoulder. (Too sharp a blow will 
fracture this bone.) 

Shoulder. — A sharp downward blow on top 
of shoulder, midway between neck and point of 
shoulder. (A blow that causes a good deal of 
pain and subsequent soreness.) 

Side of the Neck. — Midway between jawbone and collar-bone. 

Back of the Neck. — Too dangerous. Do not 
employ, except in a case of "life or death." 

Instead, when striking from behind, use heel 
of hand, fingers pointing upward. Strike heel 
of hand just at the base of the skull, with 
a combined forward and upward movement. 
And even this blow is hardly less dangerous. 
Both blows are mentioned more by way of 
caution that they be avoided by the experimenting student. 

Blow across Base of Spine. — Too dangerous. 
Instead, employ blow over kidney. 

All of the blows struck with the edge of the 
hand are given smartly and with a good deal of 
force. In striking at throat or neck the right 
hand of assailant is used against the victim on 
his right side, instead of at his left, in order 
that the blow may be given more force. 

The edge of the hand should not be struck 
across the "Adam's apple," but the edge of 
the fore-arm, covered by the coat-sleeve, may 
be employed for striking here when necessary. 

THE RIGHT WAY AND THE WRONG WAY TO 
TRIP AN OPPONENT — HOW TO DODGE THE 
TRIP — HOW TO KNEEL AND TRIP AN 
ADVERSARY — "COUNTERS" THAT ARE 
POSSIBLE 

TRIPPING is so general a trick among all 
the peoples that develop the art of personal combat as to seem to call for but scant 
mention. Yet in this country there are so 
many who do not know how to trip correctly 
that some hints are needful. \n jiu-jitsu the 
trip is an element of prime importance. 

In a trip that is delivered while the assailant 
is standing, the right foot is always employed 
against the adversary's left, and the left against 
the adversary's right. Right foot is never employed against right foot, nor left against left. 

In a trip that the assailant delivers from a 
kneeling position, on the contrary, it is the 
right foot that is employed against the victim's 
right, and the left against the victim's left. 

In tripping the collar-and-elbow grip Js the 
favourite among jiu-jitsians. Yet one hand 
may seize the coat or shirt close to the arm; 
Suppose it is desired to throw an opponent at 
your own left side. With your arms swing 
him around to your left, forcing him to travel 
at least a third of a circle. If this is done 
swiftly and effectively it will leave the victim 
standing on his right foot, with his left clear of 
the ground for an instant. In that instant 
apply your left foot to his right — his sole prop 
— and knock it from under him, sending him to 
the ground. 

As to the method of kicking a foot from 
under the victim, the kick is always delivered 
against the outside of his foot. The assailant's 
foot moves swiftly over the ground, leaving it 
just a hair's-breadth at the instant of impact. 
The greatest force of the kick is delivered just 
at the ankle bone. Thus the pain caused the 
victim adds its effect to that of the impetus 
given by the kick, and the throw is all the more 
easily made. For it is human nature, when a 
foot is pained by a kick, to lift, or partly to 
lift, that foot from the ground. This is an 

No. 6. THE WRONG WAY TO TRIP. 

application of a well-known fact that is worthy 
of the wily Oriental. 

It is to be observed that, in tripping under 
the most favourable circumstances, only the 
foot that is to be kicked is to be on the ground, 
the other being in the air, and the victim! s body 
bent well over to the side to which he is to be 
thrown. 

The only feasible counter to this trip is to 
get the other foot from the air to the ground 
in time, and to regain as nearly erect position 
as possible. Yet even with both feet of the 
victim on the ground it is often possible to 
throw him by this trip. At the moment of 
impact between the assailant's foot and the 
victim's the victim's trunk is drawn violently 
to the side to which it is desired to throw him. 

When both of the victim's feet are on the 
ground a simple counter to the assailant's trip 
is possible. Just as the assailant goes to kick 
the victim should dexterously draw back the 
threatened foot and succeed in striking the assailant's engaged foot at the outside — in other 
words, delivering the same style of kick that 
was intended for himself. 

If the opponent is instructed and is wary it 
is often necessary for the assailant to swing his 
man around in a part circle two or three times 
before the tripping kick can be delivered with 
the proper effect. These continuous swingarounds should be made at least three or four 
times in the same direction then, if the assailant thinks it will be to his advantage, he may 
swiftly reverse the direction of the swing. 
Often, by so doing, he will catch his intended 
victim off guard and have an easy victory. 

Photographs Nos. 6 and 7 illustrate graphically the wrong and the right methods of delivering the kick in tripping. In the first 
illustration it will be noted that both adversaries have their right feet engaged. In the 
second illustration the assailant is employing 
his right foot in a kick against his adversary's 
left. 

Sometimes it is found so difficult to catch 
the intended victim off his guard in a standing 
trip that the kneeling trip is resorted to by the 
assailant. In this case the combatant making 
the assault takes a catch-as-catch-can hold and 
drops to one knee, thrusting the other foot out 

No, 7. THE RIGHT WAY TO TRIP. 

before him. Over the lower half of this extended leg the assailant swings his adversary 
and accomplishes the throw. The trick is performed with ease after a little practice. The 
kneeling trip has this decided advantage That 
the assailant is closer to his victim at the moment of the fall, and is able more promptly to 
apply any advisable tactics for reducing the 
victim to complete submission. Some of these 
methods of following up the advantage secured 
by a throw will be described in the following 

In the kneeling trip it will be noted, with 
care, that the right leg is employed against the 
right, the left against the left. The relative 
positions of the two combatants are accurately 
shown in photograph No. 8. 

There is a very simple and convincing feat 
that can be employed in many an emergency 
of combat, and it can be ended, if desired, in a 
trip. While standing at the opponent's left 
seize his left wrist with the right hand. It is 
important to hold the back of the victim's 
wrist outward, with the little finger edge of the 
captured hand downward. Have your own 

thumb against the under edge of the captured 
wrist, the fingers gripping tightly over the 
upper edge. With your left hand seize the 
open fingers of the victims captured hand. 
Bend the fingers relentlessly backward as if 
trying to make them touch the back of the 
victim's fore-arm. Of course it will hurt him, 
and the result will be that the assailant is able 
to swing his victim around and around to the 
left as long as is desired, and all the while the 
victim is suffering from the pain in his captured 
wrist and fingers, and is unable to resist. 

But it is a better plan, after having secured 
the hold, and after having started to bend the 
captured fingers backward, to shoot both of 
your arms out ahead of you and to hold them 
out rigidly, thus forcing the victim away from 
you while continuing to hurt him, and forcing 
him to run along ahead of you. In this way 
he is prevented from making any countering 
use with the free hand at his other side. 

This description should be studied carefully, 
and every detail of the directions followed 
closely in actual practice until the feat is 
thoroughly mastered. By the time that it is 

No. 8. THE TRIP FROM A KNEELING POSITION. 

thoroughly understood it will be possible for 
the assailant to seize the victim's wrist and 
fingers and to begin to apply the pressure all 
in the space of a fleeting instant. Speed 
counts for almost everything in securing the 
hold and beginning the excruciating pressure 
on the fingers. 

If it is desired to throw the adversary, seize 
his left wrist and fingers and apply the backward pressure in the same manner. At the 
same time bend slightly and make a half turn 
to the left, placing yourself in front of your 
victim, with your buttocks toward his right 
side, and your left buttock against his middle. 
Now twist his captured arm well around to the 
left, swinging your own body somewhat to the 
left at the same time, and, by the pull on his 
captured arm, accomplish a throw over your 
right buttock. 

This throws the victim down on his right 
side. Instantly step squarely on his right 
fore-arm, pinning it to the ground. You still 
have hold of his left wrist and left fingers. 
Holding his captured wrist firmly, continue 
to bend his captured fingers over backward. 

keeping up the painful pressure until he surrenders. 

Now comes a separate feat that has a bearing 
upon the one just described. Facing the victim, seize his left wrist with your right hand, 
and force his arm up. At the same instant 
seize him at the inner bend of his left elbow 
with your left hand, using this elbow clutch 
also to assist in raising his arm. This arm 
should be forced to a little above horizontal 
position, sideways. 

Having secured this hold, swing around 
under the captured arm, having your back to 
the victim's left side as you pass him to go to 
his rear, and complete the turn by facing the 
same way that he does as you get behind him. 
Force his captured hand as far up his back as 
you can, holding it there with your right hand. 
Force his captured elbow as far across his back 
as you can by the aid of your left hand, with 
which you have all the while held his elbow. 
The victim's hand can be forced so far up behind his back as to cause him a great deal of 
pain, and by closing up to him you can hold 
his arm locked at your pleasure. 

Now, in the feat described before this one, 
the victim, if he is initiated, can prevent having 
his fingers bent backward if he tightly clenches 
his fist at the instant when his wrist is seized. 
But, in that case the assailant, having the wrist 
already captured, can employ his left hand in 
seizing the victim's elbow, passing under the 
arm and locking the victim's arm behind him 
in the manner just detailed. 

Here again the victim can interpose an effective block by side-stepping with his foot to the 
left just as the assailant is passing under his 
arm, and the assailant will trip himself and fall 
to the ground. But the assailant should be 
watching for this snare, and, if he sees his antagonist's foot extended to trip him, the assailant should stop short. But the assailant 
has an effective move left. His left elbow is 
just in position to give the victim an effective 
jab in the short ribs. This elbow jab can be 
given so severely as to incapacitate the victim. 

THROAT-HOLD AND ARM THROWS OVER THE 
SHOULDER — THE KNEELING AND RISING 
THROW OVER THE SHOULDER — HOW TO 
RENDER THE FALLEN ADVERSARY HELP- 
LESS 

THERE is a throat -hold, with an accompanying throw, that is very much used by 
the Japanese. When attempted by the expert 
this feat is easily and successfully performed, 
but it requires considerable practice, and the 
neophyte must not look for immediate skill 
with this trick. 

An excellent idea of the manner of taking 
the tackle may be gained from photograph 
No. 9. Indeed, nearly everything except the 
actual fall is clearly shown. 

The victim has been attacked at his left side. 

The assailant has thrown his left arm under 

his victim's left arm, the assaulting arm passing 

squarely over the victim's throat, and the hand 
9. THROAT-HOLD WITH THROW OVER THE HIP. 

being clutched in the garment just back of the 
right shoulder. At the same time the assailant 
has so placed himself that his buttocks are 
against those of the victim. The assailant 
having bent forward, all that remains is a quick 
throw over the hip. 

Were it not for one thing, this hold would 
be, in itself, sufficiently disconcerting to the 
victim. But the latter has his right hand free, 
and, if he be merely held in this position, he 
could use the free hand for mischief. From 
the nature of their relative positions all that is 
to be left to the assailant by way of making 
his attack final is to complete the throw over 
the hip and leave his adversary prostrate. One 
with ordinary muscular development can 
readily acquire the knack of combining his 
pull with a quick wrench of the body that accomplishes the fall. Speed in securing the 
hold is not difficult of attainment. The combination of hold and throw, performed so rapidly 
that the victim is on his back seemingly in a 
second from the instant when he is first attacked, is what calls for a good deal of practice. 
At the outset it is an excellent idea for the 

student to practise the hold and the throw 
separately — that is, so far as the performance 
with speed is concerned. Devote a certain 
number of trials to securing the hold as quickly 
as it can be done, then making a little pause 
before trying the throw. After that, make a 
few attempts in which the hold is taken in a 
leisurely way, followed by a throw as rapid as 
it can be made. By degrees the embryo jiujitsian will find speed in the entirety of the 
performance coming to him. 

The feat known to Anglo-Saxon wrestlers as 
the "flying mare is common to the Japanese, 
but is not looked upon as a performance of 
especial value. One that answers the purpose 
much better, when the muscular strength and 
the agility of the assailant are equal to the occasion, is the following: 

Seize the wrist of the intended victim, and 
pull his captured arm over your shoulder from 
behind. In the same moment of doing this 
sink to the floor on the knee of the same side 
of the body as the shoulder over which the 
throw is being made. Retaining the hold on 
the victim's captured wrist with both hands, 

force his hand straight downward until it 
touches, or nearly touches, the floor before 
you. 

As soon as the victim's captured wrist has 
been forced as close to the floor as possible, 
rise quickly to your feet, bending your body 
backward in rising. This rise must be accomplished with such a movement of your own 
body that the victim will fall forward over the 
shoulder as you rise. He will land on the 
floor, and with this advantage — that you have 
retained your hold on his captured wrist, and 
that arm is at your mercy. It is possible, 
often, to step on his other arm, thus pinning it 
to the floor. There is nothing left that the 
victim can do, as your feet are too near his 
head for him to succeed in kicking you. Now, 
in bringing the victim's arm over the shoulder, 
there must be an invariable rule: If it is his 
left wrist that is seized, carry it over the right 
shoulder; if the right wrist is seized carry it 
over the left shoulder. If the right wrist, for 
instance, were carried over the right shoulder, 
then the intended victim would be squarely 
behind his assailant, and could throw his left 

arm around his adversary's neck and prevent 
the fall. But with the right arm carried over 
the left shoulder, the victim's left arm is kept 
out of the sphere of action and cannot be used 
in time to prevent the success of the assault. 

At first, in training, it will be sufficient to 
make this throw slowly, relying upon each 
succeeding bit of practice to make the speed 
increase gradually. Even if the muscular 
strength is not at first adequate to the demands made upon it by this throw, repeated 
practice will bring about the needed muscular 
conditions by degrees. 

Once the victim has been sent to the ground, 
what to do with him there, in order to prevent 
him from at once renewing the contest, becomes a matter of prime importance. It has 
been pointed out that some of the throws leave 
the victim in such a position that one of his 
arms may be secured by retaining the hold 
taken upon it at the beginning of the throw, 
while the other arm may be stepped upon. 
In cases where the defeated combatant falls so 
that he lies over one of his arms, thus preventing stepping upon it, the assailant has the other 

course open of stepping on his fallen adversary's side. 

Photograph No. lo depicts an excellent way 
of reducing the victim to instant and complete 
submission. Here the assailant has fallen upon 
his adversary in such manner that the former's 
knee is pressing severely into the soft part 
just below the last rib. The assailant has retained his hold on the victim's left wrist, and 
now draws that arm over his knee. The inside 
of the wrist is kept upward, and the downward 
pressure at the wrist is such as to cause intense 
pain in this captured arm. 

It is imperative that this position of the 
wrist of the captured arm be thoroughly 
understood. With the wrist up and the arm 
being pressed severely downward the arm is 
being forced to bend in the way that Nature 
did not intend it to bend. In other words, the 
assailant is trying to make the arm bend the 
wrong way," and it is apparent at first thought 
that this process cannot be carried very far 
without causing the most intense pain. Indeed, if this backward pressure of the arm 
across the knee be applied with too great 

severity, the captured arm will be broken. It 
is sufficient, however, to give pressure enough 
to cause the victim to wince and surrender. 
The pain will disappear as soon as the pressure 
is abandoned — in case, of course, the pressure 
has not been applied so viciously as to break 
the bone. 

It is to be noted, also, that the assailant has 
his knee under the captured arm at a point 
above the elbow. If the knee pressure were 
applied as far down as the back of the fore-arm 
there would not be leverage enough to cause 
the victim any appreciable pain. 

So important is this principle, in many applications va. jiu-jitsu, that it is well to repeat it in 
other words 

Always bear in mind, when attempting 
TO cause pain in the arm by this trick, 

THAT THE ARM MUST BE FORCED BACKWARD 
IN THE WAY THAT NATURE DID NOT INTEND 
IT TO GO, AND THAT COUNTER-PRESSURE 
MUST BE APPLIED TO THE BACK OF THE 
UPPER ARM. If THE ARM IS BENT IN THE 
DIRECTION THAT NATURE INTENDED IT TO 
BEND NO PAIN WILL BE CAUSED. 

It will be noted also in photograph No. 10 
that the assailant's right hand is well employed. 
The fingers of the hand are thrust inside the 
shirt, while the thumb is gripped outside. 
(This application of the hand to the lapel of a 
coat will answer the same purpose.) The 
knuckles of the back of the assailant's hand 
are pressed with grinding force against the 
upper ribs of the victim at a point close to the 
shoulder. The grip of the hand on the shirt 
or coat lapel gives leverage for more severe 
pressure of knuckles against ribs. A little experimenting by the student upon himself will 
show that pressure of knuckles against the ribs 
at this point is productive of considerable pain. 
The victim in the case shown in photograph 
No. 10, being inflicted with severe pain at two 
points, and being at the same time incapable 
of countering, is quickly reduced to submission. 

There are many applications of the principle 
of bending the arm in the wrong way that the 
student can discover by intelligent practice. A 
few hints along this line will be given here. 

With your right hand seize the victim's left 
wrist, and raise his arm horizontally sideways. 

At the same time place the heel of the left hand 
under his upper arm, with the fingers upward 
across the back of the arm. Pull your right 
hand toward you, and push your left hand 
forcibly away from you. The victim's arm is 
made to go "the wrong way," and he can be 
forced to spin around as rapidly as his assailant 
can run around with him. The same feat may 
be performed by hooking the left fore-arm 
back of the victim's upper left arm and forcing 
back with your right hand at his wrist as 
before. 

Or, coming up behind your victim, seize his 
upper arm at the back with one hand and push 
forward against his arm held horizontally, 
while with the other hand pulling backward 
on his wrist. 

If the victim has been thrown forward on his 
face, fall so that one knee pins him down in the 
back. With the other knee resting squarely 
on the back of his arm, about midway between 
shoulder and elbow, pull the wrist upward. 
Simply the pressure of the knee across the back 
of his arm, augmented by the weight of the 
assailant above, is enough to cause a good deal 

of pain, but when to this downward pressure 
of the knee is added the pulling up of the arm 
at the wrist, the pain is such that the victim 
cannot endure it. 

THE boxer's tricks UTTERLY USELESS 
AGAINST THE JIU-JITSU ADEPT— WHY 
THE EDGE OF THE HAND IS A MORE DAN- 
GEROUS WEAPON THAN THE CLENCHED 
FIST — THE USE OF THE BASE OF THE 
HAND— A FEW PRELIMINARY WAYS OF 
STOPPING THE BLOWS OF THE BOXER, 
WITH DAMAGE TO THE LATTER WHEN 
DESIRED 

IT is difficult for the skilled boxer of the 
Anglo-Saxon race to realise that his painstakingly acquired art is of no avail against the 
adept in jiu-jitsu. Yet the sooner this is 
realised to be a fact the sooner we shall cease 
reading in the newspapers of occasional instances where big Caucasians have tried pugilism on small Japanese, and have gone down 
ingloriously in the effort. 

At least two or three times in every year we 
read of some Japanese who has had an alterca- 

tion with an American policeman and has 
promptly put the latter on his back. Reinforcements, and still more reinforcements were 
called for before the Japanese was subdued and 
made a prisoner. 

Last spring, in the Harvard gymnasium, 
there was an interesting encounter between 
Tyng, the strong man of that University, and 
a diminutive Japanese, a fellow student. Tyng 
tried his best foot-ball tackle, and threw his 
smaller opponent. But, after that, the Japanese eluded each effort to seize him. After the 
sport of dodging had continued for some time 
the Japanese darted in, took a lightning hold, 
and put Mr. Tyng upon the floor. 

In Japanese ports a solitary native policeman 
has been known often to subdue as many as 
four turbulent sailors ashore from an American 
or English naval vessel, and to take the whole 
lot in submission to the police station. Indeed, the first American sailors to spend leave 
on shore in Japan after Perry had concluded 
the treaty with that country came home with 
the most wonderful tales. These sailors had 
had the not unusual lot to become involved in 

trouble ashore. They resorted to boxing with 
the natives. Upon their arrival here these 
same sailors declared that the country was 
peopled with devils whom the white man's 
best blows could not touch. Not only were 
these Japanese "devils" invulnerable to blows, 
but they actually picked up our men, one after 
another, and threw them into the sea ! 

Within the past year many exhibitions of 
jiu-jitsu have been given in the United States, 
and our younger athletes have had abundant 
opportunity to see jiu-jitsu and boxing contrasted. The result has been that these convinced athletes have started in promptly to 
acquire the Japanese art of meeting the boxer. 

Seldom does the Japanese use his clenched 
fist. It is not considered "scientific." There 
is, of course, the legend of the Greek boxer 
who knew that he could deprive his adversary 
of his wind by a fist-blow in the abdomen, but 
who found that by driving the tips of his 
fingers against the abdomen he was able to 
penetrate deeply into the viscera. But the 
Japanese discovered, centuries ago, that the 
edge of the hand is not only more effective in 

No. 11. JIU-JlTSU AGAINST THE BOXER— A SIMPLE STYLE OF DEFENSE. 

warding off a blow, but that impact from such 
a blow will leave the adversary's muscles and 
bones aching. All of the common blows with 
the edge of the hand have been described in 

Photograph No. 1 1 shows a.jiu-jitsian in the 
act of warding off a left-hander from his adversary. Here the man on the defensive has not 
struck with the edge of his hand, but with the 
edge of his fore-arm just back of the wrist. 
This is as it happens, it being impossible to 
gauge exactly in the swift movement of defence. But the blow with the edge of the 
fore-arm is scarcely less formidable than that 
with the edge of the hand. It will be noted 
that the assailant is met with a blow against 
the middle of his own fore-arm. 

This method of defence meets all requirements. In the first place it is effective as a 
ward-off. In the next place the defensive 
blow on the assailant's arm results in soreness 
of that member for the boxer, and will weaken 
the force of any subsequent blow that he may 
aim with it. The edges of the jiu-jitsian' s 
hand and fore-arm are so hardened by constant 

practice that he suffers no pain from the impact. Note, also, in the illustration that the 
man on the defensive has his left hand in readiness to guard himself against the boxer's right. 

Very often the boxer follows up his left with 
his right so rapidly that the two fists seem to 
shoot out simultaneously. Even in this case 
the jiu-jitsian is not caught unawares. His 
hands fly to encounter the boxer's arms, and 
the latter, baffled in this quick attack, has also 
some pain to take up his attention. (See 
photograph No. 12.) At the same time the 
boxer is apt to be convinced of the futility of 
trying to reach such an opponent. 

And this style of defensive work is most 
readily acquired. After a very few bouts of 
practice the jiu-jitsu novice finds that he is 
able, if he is as quick as the boxer, to stop any 
and all blows much more easily than he could 
if trained only in boxing. Much depends, of 
course, on the hardness of the edge of the 
hand, but the way to secure this has been explained in Chapter III. It requires more 
time, however, to harden the edge of the hand 
properly than it does to learn defence with it. 
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No. 12. DEFENSE AGAINST BOTH FISTS OF THE BOXER. 

A study of photograph No. 13 will result in 
a knowledge of how blows nnay be met by a defence close to the body. In this case the assailant is striking with a good deal of vigour, but 
the hand of the man on the defensive is forced 
to yield but little, and the blow is stopped. 

At all times in practice, as in actual encounter, it is to be remembered that the jiujitsian, while warding off with one hand, is 
ever watchful and unceasingly ready to employ 
the edge of his other hand. This state of 
readiness does not call for one whit more of 
alertness or of agility in the jiu-jitsian than it 
does in the boxer. Any man who is quick 
enough to learn to box is quick enough to 
acquire the superior methods oi jiu-jitsu. 

In one defensive blow the heel of the hand 
is used with effect. This is in parrying by 
striking the outer bend of the boxer's elbow. 
The blow is struck in a combination of forward 
and upward movement, and with a good deal 
of smartness. This ward-off, when employed 
after much practice, is very effective, for, besides defending, it shakes the boxer's confidence in his ability to land a blow. 

And in at least one form the heel of the hand 
is used in an aggressive blow. At the first 
sight of an opportunity the jiu-jitsian strikes 
swiftly and forcibly upward, landing the heel 
of his hand under the point of his adversary's 
chin. It is not difficult to register this blow, 
and this feat of a second's duration usually is 
enough to wind up the bout or fight. 

At close quarters, with a clinch at one side, 
but where one combatant has his hand free at 
the other side, the edge of the free hand is 
struck against the collar-bone at about its 
middle. Struck even lightly, this blow causes 
pain. When the blow is delivered with full 
force it results in a fractured collar-bone. A 
little practice, beginning with very light blows, 
increasing gradually in severity, will give the 
student a fair idea of how hard a blow of this 
sort may be struck without breaking the bone. 
And, in accordance with the well-known rule 
that use hardens, the collar-bone may be 
strengthened very considerably by undergoing 
endurable assaults upon it. 

Blows with the tips of the fingers — jabs — are 
never to be delivered against any portion of 

No. 13. THE BOXER'S RIGHT STOPPED AND ON GUARD AGAINST HIS LEFT. 

the body except the abdomen and the solar 
plexus, A finger-tip blow against the ribs 
will leave soreness there, but the concussion is 
liable also to put the assailant's hand in bad 
shape. 

When striking up the arm of an adversary by 
means of an edge-of-the-hand blow, the jiiijitsian is advised to practise the trick of forcing up his opponent's arm higher and darting 
in under it to strike a blow of attack with the 
edge of his unoccupied hand. 

The best defensive trick of all, of course, is 
one that stops the fight at the outset. The 
writer will now describe a trick that he saw 
performed in earnest, the defensive blow being 
struck with full force. The assailant struck 
out with his left fist. Quick as a flash the man 
on the defensive side-stepped once to his own 
left. In the same twinkling instant he let his 
right hand fly upward, the edge of the hand 
striking squarely across the assailant's right 
jugular, at a point midway between the jaw 
and the coUar-boiie. 

A queer, gurgling sound came from the 
throat of the stricken one. His knees gave 

way under him, and he began to fall forward. 
Recovering, he succeeded in falling backward 
on his left hand and buttock. Less than half 
dazed, he was about to spring to his feet when 
his opponent's sharp warning came 

"Don't get up until I tell you to. If you 
do, you '11 get hurt ! 

The defeated assailant obeyed, sinking back 
to the sidewalk, while the man who had defended himself drawled 

"After this you would better not go around 
hunting for trouble until you 've learned something about fighting. If you do, some day 
you will surely be hurt. Now, if you think you 
can go on and attend to your own affairs, you 
may get up and try it." 

The assailant took the hint. So quickly and 
precisely had the defensive blow been given 
that it is doubtful if he understood just how 
his discomfiture had been brought about. And 
the best of it was that the man who had sought 
to provoke a fight had been stopped without 
sustaining any injury or disfigurement. 

ARM-HOOK AND FEND-OFF AGAINST THE 
BOXER — FEND-OFF AND KIDNEY BLOW — 
MORE ABOUT SIDE, KIDNEY, AND ABDO- 
MEN BLOWS, AND WHEN AND HOW TO 
USE THEM — DANGERS OF THE BASE-OF- 
THE-SPINE BLOW — A TRICK TO BE USED 
ONLY IN DESPERATE CASES 

TWO simple English words define a rule 
without the observance of which no one 
can expect to become anything like expert in 
jiu-jitsu. These two words are 
Constant practice ! 

In taking up the ancient Japanese art of 
attack and defence, many Anglo-Saxons will 
be all enthusiasm at the outset, but will become gradually impatient under the monotony 
of practising the feats so constantly that expertness comes as a matter of course. 

There are those who will read these chapters, 
and acquire a smattering knowledge of how 

many of the feats are executed. Here, or 
close to this point, the study of some readers 
will stop. The little knowledge that has been 
absorbed will be laid by in a corner of the 
mind, to be called into active use only if the 
moment of need arrives. And then, in a possible crisis, the knowledge that has been so 
slightingly obtained will prove useless. Readers who sXM6.y jiti-jitsu in this fashion will never 
become jiu-jitsians. 

"I know how that is done," reflects some 
reader, after he has gone over the description 
and has scanned an illustration; he practises 
the thing a few times with a friend — and then 
the feat is learned and the knowledge is ready 
for use ! 

Any reader who is satisfied to acquire his 
knowledge of the Japanese art so easily would 
do better to save his time at the outset by devoting it to some study to which he will be 
more faithful. 

The few descriptions given in the last chapter 
would seem to indicate very easy mastery of 
that part of the subject. All that was written 
can be read thoughtfully in a half an hour in 

another half-hour each of the feats can be 
practised several times with a complaisant 
friend — and the thing seems simple and easy 
enough ! Many readers will be surprised when 
they are told that even the few feats explained 
in the last chapter should be practised assiduously for several weeks. 

Yet this is the only possible way in which to 
acquire the tricks so that at last they can be 
employed instantly and with all desired effectiveness. The student should begin by performing any one feat very slowly, and, while 
increase of speed is absolutely necessary, this 
increase should be very gradual, effort being 
concentrated on the knack of striking or fending always with precision, to which even speed 
should be secondary for a long time — or until 
precision has become so much a matter of 
habit that speed will develop easily from it. 

Practise at all odd times. When there are 
not more than two or three minutes of leisure, 
even, practise one of the feats and get a notch 
further ahead in its performance. Never get 
out of practise. Jiu-jitsu is not of so much 
use to the rusty' adept. A Japanese teacher, 

when he has no pupil on hand to instruct, will 
practise with any friend who may drop into the 
gymnasium. If there be no one present but 
himself, the teacher will take up something 
that he can do by himself. 

One day, some years ago, the author stood 
chatting with a Japanese teacher of the art. 
Without warning the little brown man suddenly fell forward, his body as straight and 
rigid as a log. He fell squarely on his face, 
not putting out either hand to save himself. 
In a twinkling he was on his feet again. 

"That is a good thing to be able to do," explained the teacher. "I was alone this morning, so I practised it by myself. And here is 
something else that it is worth while to know 
how to do." 

With the same suddenness he fell over backward, his body as rigidly straight as before. 
And it seemed as if he had no more than 
touched the floor when he was on his feet once 
more. 

All of the edge-of-the-hand blows seem so 
simple as to require but little practice. The 
reader who so concludes will make a huge mis- 

take. These blows are so useful in a variety 
of cases that they should be practised with 
assiduity. It must be borne in mind that the 
boxer can strike rapidly. T\Mt jiu-jitsian must 
be able to use the edge of his hand with even 
greater speed. 

The boxer must always bend — "flex" — and 
then extend his arm before he can deliver a 
telling blow. The jiu-jitsian will find that at 
times he has the great advantage of being able 
to use the edge-of-the-hand blow without bending his arm at all, and thus saving precious time 
in an encounter. If the hand, for instance, is 
hanging a little in front of the body, it can be 
made, by a single movement, to fly up and 
register a forcible blow against the adversary's 
jugular. A little experimenting will show the 
student a number of positions in which other 
edge-of-the-hand blows can be struck with a 
single movement of the arm — one upward, 
downward, or sideways. Never flex the arm 
when time can be saved by striking out without 
bending the arm. 

The arm-hook is by no means unfamiliar to 
boxers, by whom it is regarded as a foul that 

is never to be employed except in rough-andtumble. But photograph No. 14 shows how 
it is employed in jiu-jitsu. Here the man on 
the defensive has swung his right arm over the 
boxer's left in such fashion that a "hook" is 
made at the elbows. In the same moment the 
man on the defensive has swung his body 
around to the side in order to make the hook 
more effective, and he holds his left hand in 
readiness to strike an edge blow against the 
boxer's right wrist. As soon as the boxer's 
right comes the man on the defensive is ready 
to meet and stop it. 

But the man on the defensive has also put 
himself in a first-rate position for assuming the 
offensive and putting an end to the fight. A 
single movement of the arm will enable him to 
dart his left hand upward from the boxer's 
right wrist and to deliver a finger-tip jab in the 
solar plexus or in the abdomen. The student 
will do well to note in how many other cases 
he is thus able to turn at once from the defensive to the aggressive and put an end to further 
attack by his opponent. 

Photograph No. 15 depicts another style of 

No. 14. A HOOK OVER A LOW LEFT-HANDER AND A WARD-OFF FOR 
THE RIGHT. 

defence against the boxer. Here thejiu-j'itsian 
has struck up the boxer's left with the edge of 
his own left hand, at the same instant ducking, 
running in under the arm, and employing his 
right hand in a vigorous edge-of-the-hand blow 
over the boxer's left kidney. This blow, when 
well delivered, separates the boxer from any 
desire to continue hostilities. 

It is to be noted here that the jiu-jitsian 
must accomplish the kidney blow with great 
speed and enough force. Otherwise the boxer 
will have an opportunity of registering a duplicate blow on the left kidney of his opponent. 
It will be seen how easy it would be for the 
boxer, if quick enough, and if dealing with a 
slow adversary, to swing around and inflict his 
own kidney blow. 

When one is ducking under the boxer's arm 
and striking the kidney blow it will easily occur 
how simple it would be to strike, instead, at 
the base of the spine. But this latter is a 
blow that should never be employed with the 
edge of the hand. It is decidedly too dangerous. The base-of-the-spine blow, delivered at 
a certain angle, and at a certain point of im- 

pact, would probably result in leaving the combatant so struck bed-ridden for life. In general 
it must be insisted that there is altogether too 
much danger in attacking the lower end of the 
spine with such a blow. 

A considerable variety of blows in the abdomen, at the sides, and over the kidneys can 
be studied out by the industrious. A general 
hint will be enough. Any position that leaves 
a combatant's hand or elbow between the opponent's arm and body gives a valuable opportunity. The fingers, the edge of the hand, or 
the point of the elbow may be used for swift 
attack agalinst the soft parts. The elbow, when 
in position, may be used effectively for a blow 
in the adversary's short ribs. 

Nor must the use of the knee be forgotten 
when at close quarters. A jab with the point 
of the knee may be employed against the abdomen or side when both hands are busy. If 
one is behind his adversary he is often able to 
butt the point of one of his knees in over 
the kidney. A kidney blow delivered with any 
force at all is one that discourages further 
fighting. 

No. 15. THE KIDNEY BLOW AGAINST A BOXER — USEFUL UNDER MANY 
OTHER CONDITIONS. 

If one of the contestants is quick enough to 
see and stop a rising knee from striking him, a 
blow with the edge of the hand just above the 
knee will be found very useful in forcing that 
leg to straighten out again. 

It is time, now, for the student who has 
gone faithfully thus far to begin to study 
out problems for himself. He should, in 
any given position of encounter, learn by 
experiment how many of the holds and 
blows he has so far learned may be applied 
with effect, and which feats give better results than others. 

It frequently happens that two antagonists 
are practically locked — that is, assailant and 
victim each has both arms employed, and for 
either to let go would seem to expose him to 
defeat. In this position figure out all possible 
ways of letting one hand go in order to make 
an attack to advantage. Or, if it is necessary 
that both hands remain engaged where they 
are, see whether a jab can be given with either 
elbow. Sometimes it will be found that the 
point of the knee is the only weapon that can 
be employed with safety against a vigilant 

opponent. Whatever the strong factor is in the 
situation, find it and employ it at once — before 
the other man can find some disconcerting 
possibility. 

ON THE GRADUAL ACQUIREMENT OF SPEED — 
THE NEED OF WORKING, NOW, WITH AN 
EXPERIENCED BOXER — TAKING A CLUB 
AWAY FROM AN OPPONENT — AGILITY 
GAINED BY THIS WORK — SIDE-STEPPING 
AS SECOND NATURE 

IT is time, right here, to call an earnest halt 
against the natural impulse of the student 
to try to learn, in one or two bouts of practice, 
all of the principal feats that are employed in 
stopping the boxer. In instructing his friends 
the author has discovered the difficulty of convincing a student that a new feat, once mentally grasped, is by no means mastered. 

If the reader has the patience and perseverance that he should bring to this work I will 
offer him a suggestion that is of great value. 
Do not attempt to learn more than one trick 
at a time do not be in haste to go to another. 
Several bouts of practice should be devoted to 

the repeated— even if monotonous — rehearsal 
of the feat that is under consideration. Jiujitsu tricks, in order to be of real value to their 
possessor, must become in their execution as 
second nature. The student who departs from 
this rule, and who tries to make haste, will be 
sorry for it later on. 

It has been stated already that the first desideratum is to Tje able to execute a feat with 
unvarying precision. Make sure that you can 
always perform the feat in exactly the same 
way. Precision counts for nearly everything 
in the effect that is to be produced on the 
opponent. 

Pay so much attention to precision as not to 
be in haste to get up speed. When precision 
has become second nature, then speed will follow quickly. Do not try for speed until it is 
unnecessary any longer to pay particular attention to the matter of precision. 

At this point there is another mistake of 
which most students are naturally guilty, and 
it is one that should be rigorously avoided. 
When working, at last, for speed, do not feel 
that, for the time being, the matter of precision 

Speed and Agility 71 

may be overlooked in favour of rapidity of execution. Never, even temporarily, slight precision 
for the sake of speed. Consider the gaining of 
speed as a matter qi no importance when it is 
acquired at the least expense in the way of precision. After all, patience and the willingness 
to progress only as rapidly as is consistent with 
thorough work are the most valuable traits for 
the student to possess at this point in his 
training. 

After the work of picking up speed, as an 
addition only to precision, has been gotten 
fairly under way, it is much better for the student if he can practise with a man well versed 
in boxing. The boxer, when he has seen the 
jiu-jitsu method of stopping him, will be able 
to suggest many other ways in which he might 
have an opportunity of downing the jiujitsian. 
And thus, by practice and study against the 
traps of the boxer, the student is able to teach 
himself much. 

Bear in mind always that speed has not been 
developed to perfection until the jiujitsian is 
able to stop a rapid and skilled boxer. It is 
possible for any agile student to reach this 

stage of development, for the feats that are 
employed against the boxer can all be used 
with greater swiftness than is possible in delivering boxing blows. Hence the student will 
know when he has gained the right amount of 
speed with a given feat it is when he is able to 
move quickly enough to prevent the boxer 
from defeating him. 

And the student should constantly encourage 
his boxing companion to suggest all possible 
ways of delivering the blow so that jiu-jitsu 
might not stop it. This affords rugged and 
varied drill for the novice mjiujitsu. 

Of course agility is one of the main factors 
in gaining speed, although it is not the only 
requisite. Quick vision, intelligence, and a 
very considerable degree of automatism are 
also needed. For making agility there is no 
better exercise than practising the feat of taking away a club from an opponent who makes 
an attack with that weapon. Nor is it at all 
difificult to learn how to get the club every 
time. 

In the beginning have your opponent stand 
facing you with the bludgeon in his right hand. 

Speed and Agility 73 

Have him raise this weapon and bring it down 
across the top of your head — or, at least, 
attempt so to strike you. Of course, at the 
outset, the assailant does not attempt to strike 
quickly, increasing the rapidity of the blow 
only with the jiu-jitsian s acquirement of speed 
in stopping him. 

The student's defence consists in throwing 
up his left hand and seizing the wrist of the 
hand that holds the club. The wrist is seized 
from underneath. At the moment of taking 
this hold the student grabs the club with his 
right hand. The assailant's hand is held, just 
as it is caught, with the thumb side of the hand 
up. With his right hand the man on the defensive twists the club over and downward, 
back of the hand, at the same time retaining a 
strong, vise-like hold on the wrist. The twist 
on the club forces it out of the hand of the assailant. Your true jiu-jitsian, on securing the 
club, throws it away and carries on the battle 
with Nature's weapons. 

By degrees the student becomes so well assured of his ability to catch and to hold the 
assailant's right wrist that the attacking man 

can at last deliver the blow with all the speed 
of which he is capable. And the man on the 
defensive catches the wrist and twists away the 
club so quickly that the assailant is deprived of 
his weapon before he has had time to realise it. 

When the ability to take the club away at 
lightning-like speed has been fully acquired, 
the student should vary his practice by asking 
the adversary to strike at any part of the body, 
and from any direction. It does not require 
much added practice to render the student 
practically proof against assault with a club. 
But it must be borne in mind at all times that 
the assailant's hand must be so caught as to 
leave the thumb side of the hand up and that 
the club must be twisted downward over the 
back of the hand. 

Another feat that makes for agility, and one 
that saves the student the discomfort of many 
a blow received, is that of side-stepping. 
Practise this, at first, by letting your adversary 
strike out at you without much speed. Suppose he strikes for your face, or your chin, 
with his left hand? Take one quick step to 
your own left — to the right of his body. His 

Speed and Agility 75 

blow will pass harmlessly by you. Keep at 
this side-stepping patiently until you execute 
it as a matter of second nature. 

Then ask your boxing friend to increase the 
speed of his blow gradually, and keep at it 
until you are able to side-step out of the way 
of the swiftest blow that he can send out. Be 
satisfied, in the end, with nothing less than the 
speed that enables you to step easily away 
from his swiftest blow. And this speed in 
side-stepping can be acquired without fail if 
the practice is patient enough, and if the jiujitsian is ever keenly alert. 

But in side-stepping out of the way of the 
boxer's left-hander always bear in mind that 
he has a chance to follow up and register with 
a right-hander. In side-stepping have your 
own left hand in readiness to stop his right by 
a sharp edge-of-the-hand blow across his right 
fore-arm. 

In side-stepping out of harm's way there is 
an opportunity, at the same time, to deprive 
the boxer of any further interest in the contest. While stepping, let your right hand go 
up with a rapid sweep, the little-finger edge 

striking him fully and forcibly across the right 
jugular. If this blow lands with force and 
sharpness enough any man other than a Hercules will go to the floor. Even when lightly 
delivered this blow makes the recipient feel 
uncomfortable. 

But there is still another trick to side-stepping. Follow up the first step with a quick 
second step in the same direction. Thus, if 
anything happens that prevents your blow 
from landing on your opponent's neck, the 
second side-step carries you out of the reach 
of any blow he may send suddenly after you. 

Pay great attention at all times to practice 
in this side-stepping. It offers the most effective means, when thoroughly mastered, of getting out of harm's way, or, at the worst, of 
minimising the effect of any blow that the 
boxer may succeed in landing. Jiu-jitsu, 
without swift and effective side-stepping, is 
not Jiu-jitsu at all. 

THE NEATEST OF ALL JIU-JITSU WAVS OF 
STOPPING A BOXER — FLOORING AND 
HOLDING HIM HELPLESS WITHOUT DOING 
HIM DAMAGE — ANOTHER EFFECTIVE WAY 
OF HOLDING A VICTIM IN SUBJECTION 
AFTER HAVING THROWN HIM EITHER IN 
BOXING OR IN WRESTLING 

EXPONENTS of the Ten-jin school oi jiujitsu have developed in all its possible 
perfection a style of stopping the boxer's blow 
that cannot be surpassed for neatness of execution, effectiveness, and swiftness. It is a 
feat that applies only to stopping a left-hand 
blow by the boxer. 

This trick of defence may be taken up in 
three stages, and I shall describe each stage by 
itself. After the student has mastered all three 
of the stages he can combine them all in rapid 
succession, with the result that he is able to 
stop the blow and to have his opponent on the 

floor, helpless, but not in any way disabled. 
The entire length of time employed in this feat 
should not exceed four or five seconds. 

Just as the boxer launches his left fist 
"duck" quickly to his left, taking your own 
head and upper trunk out of danger. At the 
same time strike the outer bend of his left 
elbow with the open palm of the right hand. 
The manner of dodging and of striking the 
assailant's elbow is shown clearly in photograph No. 1 6. 

Always strike the adversary's elbow with a 
smart, forceful blow. The effect will be to 
send him spinning around to his own right. 
The very momentum that the boxer gives himself in striking forward will aid in swinging him 
around. 

This ward-off at the elbow must be practised 
over and over again. It is easy to give this 
fend-off with fair speed, but this will not meet 
the demands of actual combat. Extreme speed 
must be developed, and this is why the trick 
must be practised for a long time, and with 
very patient attention to gaining speed. 

Both the dodging and the striking of the 

No. 16. ANOTHER THING THE JIU-JITSU MAN DOES TO THE BOXER. 

Keeping Victim Helpless 79 

elbow are to be persisted in until nothing is left 
to be desired in the performance. And try to 
swing the assailant farther and farther around. 

In actual combat the effect of this first stage 
of the trick is amusing on the assailant who 
knows nothing oi jiu-jitsu, and who is not prepared to receive such a fend-off. When he 
finds that he cannot land his blow, and that he 
is sent spinning around as often as he tries it, 
he loses confidence in himself. He realises 
that he is at the mercy of his opponent. 

Now comes the second stage of the trick, the 
throw. This must be begun the instant that 
the adversary has bjeen fended off and sent 
spinning around to his right. Clap your right 
hand smartly over his right kidney. At the 
same time your left arm goes up under his extended left. Your left hand must rest on his 
right shoulder, taking a quick grip there, and 
the length of your left arm, of course, is across 
his chest. 

Just the instant that this hold has been obtained— and it must be while your assailant is 
still spinning to his right — force him over backward to the ground. It will not be at all diffi- 

cult, for his own momentum in his forced swing 
around will help carry him as you wish him to 
go. And thus the second stage of the trick 
ends with the assailant lying on the ground. 

Now, this second part of the feat is to be 
acquired very painstakingly. Practise over 
and over again the getting of the hold with each 
hand just as it has been described. Remember, too, that the right hand on the adversary's 
kidney should press him forward, while the 
left arm across his chest should force him over 
backward. And be sure that the left hand 
always grips at the right shoulder of your antagonist. Make sure, also, that you strike him 
so smartly over the kidney as to cause pain and 
weakness there. Having gotten hold just right 
with each of your hands, the matter of throwing does not require such close attention. The 
antagonist is thrown to the ground with no 
trouble whatever if the holds are taken properly 
and if the backward pressure is used without 
an instant's delay. 

The thrown opponent will land either on his 
back, or on his right side. This depends much 
upon the way the pressure against him is 

o 
o 
Keeping Victim Helpless 8i 

applied. It depends to some extent, also, on 
the nature of the resistance that he makes 
against being thrown. 

In photograph No. 17 the defeated man is 
shown lying on his right side. His head is 
held firmly to the ground by his victorious 
antagonist's left hand. The victor's left knee 
has been jabbed into the victim's short ribs as 
the victor fell a-top of him. This has driven 
the breath out of the defeated man. But the 
victor does not stop here, for the prostrate man 
will have his breath soon, and will be able to renew the contest. It is necessary, therefore, to 
reduce the victim to complete submission. 

The victor's right hand has clutched the 
victim's left wrist. The captured left arm is 
held across the victor's right knee, which is 
under the upper half of the captured arm. 
The' inside of the victim's wrist is upward, and 
the victor is pressing the wrist down forcibly. 
The effect of this is to make the captured arm 
bend over the victor's knee, and to bend in just 
the opposite way from that which Nature intended. If this pressure be given hard enough 
the effect will be to break the bone of the left 

upper arm. But, instead, the victor contents 
himself with straining the captured arm with 
somewhat rapidly increasing severity until the 
pain in that arm becomes so intense that the 
defeated man signifies his complete surrender. 

Here is the trick, now, in its three stages, 
and the whole combination, from the first 
"duck" to the straining of the defeated man's 
left arm, should be performed in about four or 
five seconds. It should be practised and practised until this speed has been reached, for this 
feat offers the best all-around defence against 
the boxer that is known to the jiu-jitsian. 

When the man who is thrown lands on his 
back, the left knee of the victor is planted at 
the left edge of the abdomen. It is important 
for the victor to remember to employ his left 
hand in forcing the head of his fallen antagonist 
to the floor, as otherwise the latter will be able 
to secure some purchase for rising, or will be 
able to lift his head sufficiently to inflict, possibly, a disconcerting bite — for biting is employed, as a last resort, in Jiu-jitsu, as in all 
other styles of fighting the world over. 

It is worth while to call attention again to 

Keeping Victim Helpless 83 

the theory of breaking the arm. The Japanese 
call it "breaking," even when nothing more 
than straining the arm is attempted. The inside of the wrist must be upward, and the 
pressure against the upper bone of the arm 
applied in the opposite direction to that in 
which the arm was made by Nature to bend. 
This would bring the knee under the back of 
the upper arm. 

With one experiment it will be seen that if 
the straining of the arm is applied with the inside of the wrist downward the only efifect will 
be to bend the arm in the natural way and the 
victim will not be hurt thereby. 

A very clear idea of how the arm is strained 
or broken is afforded by photograph No. i8. 
This illustrates, also, a hold that is employed 
with advantage when an opponent has been 
thrown after either boxing or wrestling. 

The victor has his right arm under the victim's left. The victor's right hand clutches at 
the shirt (or vest or coat) of the fallen man, 
and in such manner that the knuckles of the 
hand press severely against the ribs close to 
the right shoulder. 

Careful study of the illustration will show 
that the victim's captured left arm is held over 
the straight, rigid right arm of the victor, and 
that it is the back of the victim's left arm that 
is pressed against the other's arm. Now, by 
applying downward pressure at the captured 
left wrist the victor is able to cause a great deal 
of pain, and, if he makes the downward pressure a vicious one, the assailant is able to break 
his opponent's arm above the elbow. 

Note that the fulcrum applied by the assailant to the back of the victim's arm, whether 
that fulcrum be an arm or a knee, is always applied well above the elbow. A little experimenting with this straining of the arm will 
show why this should be so. 

More is to be said, later on, about this work 
of straining a victim's arm, or breaking it if 
need be, and in the meantime the student is 
advised to give some study to the positions of 
the contestants as shown in photographs Nos. 
23 to 25, in which other feats are shown where 
the same principle of attack or defence is 
employed. 

FORCING THE BOXER TO FEND HIS OWN BLOW 
— THE FALL THAT FOLLOWS— THE NEAR- 
EST THAT THE "JIU-JITSU ADEPT COMES 
TO OUR STYLE OF BOXING — GUARDING 
AGAINST THE THROAT BLOW AND THE 
SOLAR-PLEXUS JAB 

THERE is something well-nigh humorous 
in the style of combat that is shown in 
photograph No. 19. It is worthy of the best 
traditions of Oriental subtlety and ingenuity 
that the boxer should be forced to defeat 
himself. 

During the study of this text and the first 
practising of the feat it will be well to make 
frequent reference to the illustration. The 
pose is so perfect that it offers answers to 
many of the questions that the student will ask 
of himself. 

In this particular bit of work a well-trained 
eye and vimful agility are all-important. The 

trick is worthless as a means of actual defence 
until all the requirements of speed have been 
brought out by frequent and all but unremitting practice. 

The feat begins with a defence against the 
boxer's left-hand blow. The man on the defensive must shoot both of his hands forward 
and upward at the coming left hand of the opponent. The hands of the man on the defensive are well together, very much in the form 
of a "V," although the heels of the hands do 
not quite touch. It is this "V that is shot 
up to catch and encircle the boxer's fist — not 
his wrist ! At the instant that the assailant's 
fist is caught in this V the man on the defensive wraps his fingers around the captured 
fist. 

Reference to the photograph will show just 
how this encircling of the attacking fist is accomplished. One point the illustration does 
not show exactly, and no amount of author'stext can explain it fully and that is just how 
to hold the attacking fist so that its owner 
cannot wrench it free. But such a hold can 
be taken and the student, by a little patient 

USING OPPONENT'S LEFT AS A GUARD AGAINST HIS OWN RIQHT- 
THIS FEAT ENDS IN A THROW. 

experimenting, can learn just how to get this 
hold of the fist, and — better still — how to retain it. All through the work with this trick 
it must be remembered that the man on the 
defensive has the resources of two hands to 
employ against the power of one fist. 

Now, the man who has captured his adversary's fist must be prepared to move that fist 
wherever he wants it to go in front or at the 
side of the owner's body. It may seem that 
the owner of the captured fist can block this 
movement by exerting the muscles of his left 
arm to their utmost, but again it is to be 
pointed out that the man on the defensive has 
all the strength of two arms with which to oppose whatever strength his opponent can put 
into one arm. 

"But when the fellow's left fist is caught 
what will he do with that idle right fist? is a 
question that the reader will be sure to ask. 

The answer is a simple one: "The fellow 
will do nothing of any importance with his idle 
right fist." 

It is here that the essence of the trick comes 
in. Let the man strike out with his right fist: 

The man on the defensive brings that captured 
fist and its arm swiftly down, crossing the forearm of that captured fist over the fore-arm of 
the opponent's assailing right. It is a complete block, stopping the boxer's blow. And 
the same manoeuvre will stop any blow that 
the boxer can try to deliver with his right. 
Wherever the right fist tries to land it is 
blocked by contact with the fore-arm behind 
the captured fist. It is impossible to make 
any striking blow with the right that cannot be 
stopped by swift contact with the captured 
left. 

Always the man on the defensive forces, up 
or down, the boxer's left arm so that it is made 
to cross the boxer's right, the point of contact 
being in the fore-arms of the boxer. There is 
no escape for the boxer, and he is made to 
submit to the humiliation of practically warding off his own blows. 

And not only are the blows stopped, but 
there is actual mischief in this style of defence, 
for the boxer's fore-arms are brought together 
so sharply that each concussion causes pain, 
and three or four sharp impacts leave the 

boxer very sick of this style of defeat. His 
arms are badly lamed, and he is not likely to 
care for any more boxing for a few hours. 

But there is still more mischief in this defence, for, at any time, at the pleasure of the 
man on the defensive, he can throw his adversary and thus put an end to tactics that have 
furnished sport but for one. And the throw is 
accomplished very easily. Bring the boxer's 
left arm down to ward off a blow from his 
right. At the instant of impact wrench that 
captured left arm up smartly so that the fist is 
brought higher than the boxer's head. Do 
not hold it there, but carry on the movement 
so that the left arm of the boxer is forced far 
out to his left side and down with a wrench. 
At the same time something of a twist is given 
to the wrist behind the captured fist, and the 
whole movement wrenches the boxer off his 
balance and sends him to the ground. Once 
he is there, he may be left to regain his footing, or he may be effectually subdued by any 
of the tricks already described that have that 
end in view. 

This is the whole combination of the clever 

go Jiu-jitsu Combat Tricks 

movement — catching the fist as it is struck out, 
forcing the arm down to parry a blow by the 
right hand, and then instantly forcing the captured fist up, over to the left, way out at the 
side and down toward the ground, throwing 
the boxer. From the instant that the fist is 
captured to the instant when the boxer is down 
should not take up more than three seconds. 
This speed "is easily acquired with practice. 

The first thing to learn to do well is to catch 
the boxer's left fist. At first the practice 
should not go beyond this point. Using the 
ward-off against the boxer's right is a matter 
so simple as to require but a small amount of 
practice, and the same may be said of the armwrench that accomplishes the throw. So that 
the only points in this work calling for assiduous practice are the catching of the fist and 
mastering the way of holding it so that the 
boxer cannot yank his fist free. 

Boxing is so natural a method of personal 
combat that it is not to be supposed that the 
ancient Japanese never thought of employing 
it. But the Japanese has improved upon our 
method of striking with the clenched fist. He 

No. 20. THE NEAREST JIU-JITSU APPROACH TO BOXING. 

found out, some twenty-five hundred years 
ago, that far more damaging blows may be 
struck with the sharp, hardened edge of the 
hand than are possible with the blunt, widesurfaced fist. 

And this work with the edge of the hand is 
the nearest approach to boxing that jiu-jitsu 
offers. The movements of the arms are very 
similar to those of the boxer, but the blows 
with the edge of the hand are sharp and stinging, and often break one of the adversary's 
bones. The work shown in photograph No. 
20 gives an excellent idea of this work. Each 
contestant has tried to land an edge-of-thehand blow on his adversary's neck or throat, 
and each has parried with the edge of the hand 
on guard. Neither man has succeeded in 
registering, and both are open for the next 
move of attack or of defence. 

In photograph No. 2i, one man is shown 
striking for the side of the neck, while the 
other endeavours to land a finger-tip jab in the 
solar plexus. Both attacks are defeated by an 
edge-of-the-hand guard. In this work, as in 
boxing, feinting is resorted to as a means of 

landing a blow, hnt Jiu-jitsians are so agile and 
so quick of eye that a feinted jab or blow is 
followed rarely by one that registers. As a 
rule, when this hand-work imitation of boxing 
is attempted it is carried on merely as a sort of 
"sparring for wind," each antagonist being 
keenly on the alert for an opening that shall 
make it possible to secure one of the holds 
that are so much more effective. 

Always in the clinch that follows this adinterim sparring the jiu-jitsian tries for an 
opportunity to bring the edge of his hand 
sharply against the opponent's collar-bone, 
causing great pain there, or even fracturing 
the bone. 

In clinches, and, in fact, in any position 
where one of the men has the point of his 
elbow close to the ribs, or to the soft parts of 
the trunk, he gives a sharp jab with the elbow, 
the blow having much the same effect that 
would result from the blow of the boxer's fist. 

A blow that is peculiarly annoying to the opponent is one that is struck slantingly across 
the forehead with the edge of the hand. If this 
blow be landed three or four times during a 

No. 21. GUARDING AGAINST NECK BLOW AND SOLAR-PLEXUS JAB. 

bout of combat, the man who is punished will 
be certain of a spell of headache. There is no 
actual danger from this blow if it is struck 
temperately, but of course it becomes highly 
dangerous when struck with great force. 

Edge-of-the-hand blows may be practised 
lightly across the temples, and just over the 
ears. In fact these blows should be frequently 
employed — lightly — in practice bouts. In 
actual combat, however, these two blows 
should never be brought into use unless it is 
absolutely necessary, in a position of great 
danger, to employ them, for both are more 
than ordinarily dangerous. 

The true jiu-jitsian is never a bully. He 
never strikes a dangerous blow with anything 
like full force unless he believes himself to be 
justified by extreme necessity. The aim. is not 
to disable needlessly, but to convince an adversary 
of the folly of carrying the fight further. A nd 
it is the height of the chivalry of jiu-jitsu to end 
the fight the instant that the defeated combatant 
betrays the fact that he has had punishment 
enough. 

Extreme consideration for the physical pains 

94 Jiu-jitsu Combat Triclcs 

and the mental feelings of an enemy should lie 
at the foundation oi jiu-jitsu. In feudal Japan 
the law dealt severely with an adept who used 
his knowledge of the art for bullying or other 
improper purposes. 

TWO SAFE, CERTAIN, AND EASY HOLDS FOR 
REDUCING AN OPPONENT — STRAINING AN 
ADVERSARY'S ARM OVER THE SHOULDER 
— HOW THE VICTORY MAY BE FOLLOWED 
UP WITH A THROW IN EITHER OF THE 
THREE CASES 

WRESTLERS have a hold known as the 
"Nelson." The ancient originators 
of jiu-jitsu devised a hold that is somewhat 
similar, and the essential principle of the 
Japanese style of hold is shown clearly in 
photograph No. 22. 

As in American or English wrestling, the 
assailant secures the hold from behind. The 
assailant's left arm is thrown under the victim's 
left arm, forcing that latter member up, and 
the assailant's hand is pressed against the back 
of the victim's neck, the fingers gripping at 
the right. At the same time the assailant's 
right hand and fore-arm are thrust under the 

victim's right shoulder and the back of the 
hand is held pressing against the shoulder. 
No further description of the hold will be 
needed, the illustration showing just how it is 
taken. 

This feat may be used as a hold pure and 
simple, for the purposes of keeping the victim 
helpless. In the case that the assailant is 
standing behind the victim, the latter has a 
slight means of defence and counter by kicking 
the aggressor's shins with the back of one heel. 
But if the assailant is on the alert for this 
demonstration he can squelch it by stepping 
nimbly back and dragging his victim backward 
to the ground. 

When this trick is used as a hold the victim's 
head is forced forward and down, while the 
assailant's right hand drags the victim's right 
shoulder backward. The victim is thus helpless 
at his opponent's pleasure, unless the victim resorts to the back-heel kick, and it has been 
explained how this is met by the aggressor. 
Or, the victim may try to bend far forward so 
as to lift the assailant from his feet, but in this 
case the assailant can rapidly shift his hold to 

No. 22. A HOLD FROM THE REAR THAT PRECEDES A THROW. 

Two Easy Holds 97 

one with both hands at the front of the victim's 
throat, and the aggressor is then in a position 
to choke his victim and drag him over backward. 

But when it is intended, from the outset, to 
throw the victim, the assailant, at the moment 
of taking the hold, advances his right leg in 
front of the victim's left. The head is forced 
forward and down, and the victim's right 
shoulder is wrenched violently upward. With 
this combination it is a matter of ease to throw 
the victim over the leg. 

A hold that may be retained at the position 
of seizing, or that may be carried on to a 
throw, is all but explained by a glance at 
photograph No. 23. In this feat the assailant, 
with his right hand, seizes the victim's right 
wrist. At the same time the assailant's left 
arm is forced under the victim's right arm. 
This combination of attack makes it possible to 
throw up the victim's right arm. The inner, 
or palm side of the victim's wrist is held upward. The assailant's left hand is pressed 
squarely over the back of the victim's head, 
and the head is forced down to the ground. 

Now, note the position of the victim's captured' 
right arm. The inside of the wrist of that arm 
being held up, and the hand being forced 
downward, it follows that the victim's right 
arm is being made to bend the "wrong way." 
Thus the captured arm will be severely strained 
it may even be broken if the pressure is ugly 
enough. It is important for the assailant always to remember to hold the captured right 
arm of his opponent in the way indicated, and 
to apply the straining pressure with sufiScient 
force to reduce the victim to surrender. As 
to the throw, it may be accomplished by forcing the victim's head down and down until he 
collapses on the floor — all the while applying 
the strain to his captured right arm. The 
chances are that before the victim is forced to 
the ground he will call out his surrender, but 
much depends upon the force with which his 
right arm is strained — and it cannot be strained 
at all unless the assailant has paid attention to 
the method of doing it. In throwing, if desired, the assailant may give a trip over his own 
left leg. 
This hold is so important in a variety of 

No. 23 A SIMPLE HOLD THAT RENDERS AN ASSAILANT HELPLESS. 

Two Easy Holds 99 

conditions of combat that it should be practised 
long and faithfully, until the student feels certain that he is able to perform it as well as he 
could do even if he were to add much more 
practice. While the feat is of great value to 
any one who may become involved in a personal 
encounter, and who desires to end it quickly, 
the attention of police officers is called to this 
trick as an effective one in subduing a troublesome prisoner. It is swifter and more effective 
than clubbing — and decidedly more humane. 
The victim, after he has been subdued, will 
know better than to attempt further trouble 
with a master of such tricks, and the prisoner 
will not have been mangled or battered, but 
will feel as comfortable as he did before this 
assault was made upon him. 

A plucky and reasonably muscular woman 
would find this trick useful in taking care of an 
intruder whom she found in her home during 
the absence of her male protectors. The intruder could be seized and held, without throwing, until help arrived, and sufficient straining 
of the intruder's right arm would cause him 
to hope as ardently as would the woman for 

loo Jiu-jitsu Combat Tricks 

the speedy arrival of the help summoned by 
screams. 

In the practice of this trick care must be 
taken to avoid fumbling. The difficulty that 
the novice experiences is in getting his left 
arm surely and swiftly under the victim's 
right. If the victim's opposition be quick and 
determined the neophyte in jiu-jitsu will find 
it hard to get his left arm under and the hand 
securely fixed against the back of the victim's 
head. Yet this must be done surely and well, 
since the left hand not only presses the victim's 
head down, but also gives the leverage that results in the successful straining of the victim's 
right arm. Practice, therefore, should be persistent until the nevr jiu-jitsian is able to secure 
the hold without the suspicion of a fumble. 

As to the victim's counter, the only one that 
is possible, once the hold has been securely 
taken, is to grip at the muscles of the aggressor's left leg and to try to inflict pain there. 
If this is attempted the assailant should increase the straining pressure on his adversary's 
right arm and make the throw at once. 

In proper sequence comes the feat of strain- 

Two Easy Holds loi 

ing an adversary's arm over the shoulder. 
This can be applied in a variety of cases, and 
if used severely enough it is a means of 
promptly ending an encounter. The position 
is depicted in photograph No. 24. 

The attack may be made under any one of a 
variety of circumstances. Whenever the opponent's arm is extended toward you seize his 
wrist firmly with both hands, forcing the inside 
of his wrist upward, and holding it so. At the 
instant of so seizing the wrist and turning it, 
swing swiftly around so as to present your 
back to the opponent. Swing your shoulder 
under the upper half of his captured arm, and 
bear down heavily at the wrist. Thus his arm 
is forced to bend the "wrong way," and the 
enormous leverage possessed by the aggressor 
will enable the latter to inflict pain to any degree up to the unbearable. The victim can be 
forced to stand upon the tips of his toes. 

If it is wished, a throw can be made. All 
the assailant has to do is to bend well over forward, and, with his pull on the victim's arm, 
to send the latter flying over his shoulder. 
But this style of throw may result in a broken 

arm for the victim, and for this reason the 
throw should never be employed except in a 
desperate case. But the throw may be practised, nevertheless, by bending forward and 
sending the victim part way over the shoulder, 
then straightening up again and permitting the 
victim to regain his feet. 

Right here it is important to make- one point 
clear to the student of jiu-jitsu. In pulling 
the victim's arm over the shoulder, make sure 
that you bring his left arm over your right 
shoulder, or his right arm over your left shoulder. Otherwise the trick is pretty certain to 
end in defeat for the aggressor. Suppose, for 
instance, that you blunderingly take the assailant's right arm over your right shoulder. 
Then he is in position to use his disengaged 
left hand in giving you a disastrous blow in the 
back or over the kidneys. If you take his left 
arm over your left shoulder the victim has an 
opportunity to use his right hand in a similar 
fashion. 

Study the illustration once more, and it will 
be understood that by taking the captured left 
arm over your right shoulder, or the right arm 

No. 24. STRAINING A FOREARM OVER THE SHOULDER. 

Two Easy Holds 103 

over your left shoulder, the victim is deprived 
of his opportunity of countering. This point 
must always be remembered. 

If an antagonist seizes the coat lapel this 
hold may be instantly taken. If he has seized 
your throat with one hand, or is reaching for 
it, the hold can be taken and the painful pressure applied before the adversary has time to 
realise what is about to happen. If an adversary pushes you away the hold comes into instant play. If he tries to drag you by the coat 
collar, bring his arm over your shoulder. 

This trick can be employed, too, in connection with the trick of catching the boxer's fist 
that was described in the last chapter. If he 
strikes at you, the instant that you have imprisoned his fist, swing and bring his arm over 
your shoulder — always remembering that the 
inside of his wrist must be upward. 

Now, it will happen often that at the moment 
of sending his hand your way the opponent 
will have the inside of his wrist downward. 
Study, therefore, the best method of seizing 
his wrist in order to have free play for turning 
the inside of his wrist upward. And, as the 

adversary will naturally try to keep his wrist 
from being twisted, a good deal of practice 
must be devoted to so turning his wrist that 
you can always have the opponent's wrist 
turned upward, and his arm over your shoulder, before he has had time to understand the 
nature of the trick that you intend to play 
upon him. 

TRICKS THAT MAY BE DESCRIBED AS HUMOR- 
OUS — ONE IN WHICH THE POLICEMAN 
WILL SEE NO FUN WHEN HE HAPPENS TO 
BE THE VICTIM, UNLESS HE KNOWS THE 
 COUNTER," WHICH IS ALSO DESCRIBED 
— THE DEVIL'S HAND-SHAKE "—HOW 
THE JAPANESE POLICEMAN FORCES A 
PRISONER TO ACCOMPANY HIM — THE 
VALUE OF THIS TRICK IN EJECTING A 
TROUBLESOME PERSON 

UNDER certain conditions nearly all of the 
tricks oi jiu-jitsu have their humorous 
aspects. This is true especially when a trick is 
employed with just enough force so that the 
victim is not made to suffer any pain, but is 
made to realise how helpless he would be if the 
feat were employed against him in earnest. 
And there are some tricks that are more than 
ordinarily humorous. 

One that is of great value for combat purposes, but which will afford a good deal of 

amusement is that of stopping any one in his 
walk by the use only of the forefinger. If you 
meet a friend who is walking in the direction 
opposite to that which you are following, stop 
just as you reach him. Stand at his side and 
extend an arm, holding the forefinger under 
his nose and across his upper lip. If you stand 
still, and hold the finger in that position, he 
will find it impossible to walk by you. Of 
course he is able to move his head to one side 
and resume his walk, but as long as the forefinger is under his nose he cannot get by. 
There is no trick about this. It is simply the 
consequence of a natural law. But it will 
afford a good deal of amusement, for your 
friend will be unable to understand why there 
is not more power in his whole body than in 
your forefinger. 

Once in a great while you will encounter a 
man so powerful that he will be able slowly to 
get by you. Now, the back of your hand is 
up. Turn the back of the hand over toward 
his face, "grinding" the forefinger under his 
nose, and this added power will be enough to 
stop the progress of the strongest man. 

Humorous Tricks 107 

It would seem impossible to hurt a policeman severely with his own club, and that without drawing the club from his belt. Yet it is a 
very simple and effective trick, and is easily 
performed, A good deal of amusement can be 
had when the trick is played on a friendly 
policeman, although it might be bad judgment 
to try it upon an officer who had a strong sense 
of dignity coupled with little appreciation of 
humour. 

Step behind the policeman when his club is 
hanging in its accustomed loop at the left side 
of his belt. Seize his left wrist with your left 
hand, and hold that wrist firmly, at the same 
time raising the arm sideways a little. Seize 
the lower end of his club with your right hand, 
and pull it back, upward and over, making the 
club stand nearly upside down in the loop. 
The shaft of the club is to be pressed hard 
against the back of his left arm at a point just 
above the elbow. The inside of his captured 
wrist is toward the front. 

Now, with your left hand pull his wrist backward, at the same time pressing forward against 
the back of his upper arm with the club. This 

combined pressure makes his arm bend the 
"wrong way." If you were to pull backward 
severely enough at his wrist, and press forward 
hard enough with the club, probably you would 
break his arm. 

But it is not necessary to do this. As soon 
as the policeman realises how ruthlessly he is 
held he will give in good naturedly if he understands that it is all a joke. Try the trick, and 
you will soon see why he cannot do anything 
with his right hand in the way of swinging 
around upon you with a blow. If he tries to 
he will merely increase the amount of pain in 
his captured and oppressed left arm. 

By pushing slowly forward with the inverted 
club, and all the while pulling back on his wrist, 
it will be possible to make the officer bend forward to the ground, and it is possible, even, to 
throw him directly in this fashion. Even if 
there be any difficulty in making him lie down, 
a trip with your right foot against his left will 
send him prostrate. Nor is the trick at an end 
as a piece of humour when you have thrown 
your good-natured policeman. There is one 
bit more of fun in store for you and for the 

Humorous Tricks 109 

policeman — provided his sense of the ridiculous 
has not been overtaxed. In throwing hold the 
club so that the head of it will be twisted into 
a position in front of his abdomen, and he falls 
with his abdomen pressing against the head of 
the club. 

His left arm is on the ground the head of 
the club is under his abdomen, and the shaft 
passes over his arm your right hand is near 
the lower end of the club. The policeman's 
arm will serve as a fulcrum, his club as a 
lever, your right arm as the power, and his 
unfortunate abdomen as the weight. Press 
down on the bottom of the club, and the head 
of the club is bound to rise, pressing roughly 
against his abdomen. His arm as well as his 
abdomen will suffer. 

If the directions are carefully followed, and 
the trick be practised thoroughly, a guarantee 
goes with the performance of the feat. The 
same piece of mischief may be played on a 
military officer who is wearing his sword at his 
side. Practise the trick by tying a girdle 
around a friend's waist and passing a stout 
stick through the girdle. Read this text over 

carefully, practising the trick step by step until 
you have it mastered, and bearing in mind, 
always, that the victim's wrist must be kept to 
the front so that the arm will be made to bend 
"the wrong way." 

As it is quite within the bounds of possibility 
that a law-breaker might attempt this trick in 
earnest against a policeman, it is only fair to 
the blue-coat to advise him as to the counter 
that must be employed. The next paragraph, 
therefore, is addressed to the policeman. 

Get a friend to seize your wrist and club and 
place yqu in the hold already described, omitting the throw. As soon as you feel yourself 
seized bend slightly forward. The forward bend 
should be just sufficient to enable you to carry 
out the further directions that are to be given. 
Still in bending position, twist your right leg 
and the right side of your trunk around in front 
of your assailant. Your right leg should be 
bent a little, and the front of the upper part of 
this leg should be slantingly across the front of 
the assailant's left leg just above his knee. 
Pass your right hand in front of the aggressor's 
right leg, and around in back of it just above 

Humorous Tricks m 

the knee. The thumb side of this hand should 
be down, so that you are able to take a grip 
at the back of his leg, just above the knee, 
with the thumb pressing the back of the leg, 
and the fingers of the hand gripping the inside 
of his leg. It may be preferred to pass the 
hand around the inside of the leg and gripping 
at the back of the knee. Having obtained 
this position, rise with a jerking movement 
to an erect position, and follow this by bending over backward. Then the assailant who 
thought he had you will find himself thrown 
over backward. 

And, as the policeman will find that there 
will be many abroad in the land who will try 
the assault upon him in a more or less humorous way, it behooves him to practise this effective counter most diligently. 

It is best, too, that the policeman should 
acquire another trick that will make his work 
easier. Here is a feat that is valuable to all 
jiu-jitsians, and it will enable a policeman to 
force a troublesome prisoner into going along 
with him. 

In Japanese Physical Training the author 

has described the "come along." This trick 
is sometimes varied in the following manner: 

With the left hand seize the intended victim's 
left wrist while standing at his left side and 
facing in the same direction that he is looking. 
Draw his left arm toward your own left side. 
At the same time throw your right arm over 
his right arm, and then under the upper half of 
his right arm. Rest your right hand on your 
abdomen. See to it that the inside of his left 
wrist, which you hold with your left hand, is 
up. Now, press downward against his left 
wrist, forcing his left arm to "bend the wrong 
way," Now, you can force the victim forward, and he will be glad enough to go where 
he is ordered to go. If he attempts to hang 
back, increase the pressure on, and the pain in, 
his left arm, and he will surrender. He cannot 
strike with his right hand, for you control his 
movements from his left side. 

The same principle of causing pain by making the arm "bend the wrong way is at the 
bottom of the bit of mischief known as "the 
devil's hand-shake." Photograph No. 2S 
makes the operation of the trick clear. 

Humorous Tricks 113 

Approach the intended victim and take his 
right hand in your own as if about to shake 
hands with him. Throw his arm up, swing 
around at his side, and at the same time thrust 
your extended, rigid left arm under his captured right. Your left arm will assist in throwing his right arm up. See to it that the inside 
of his wrist is uppermost. The illustration will 
make this plain. 

Now, bear down on his right hand while 
holding the victim's arm up with your own 
rigid left arm. There will be a quick shoot of 
pain through the victim's captured arm, and it 
is possible to apply the pressure so severely 
that he will rise on his toes. If you walk forward you can force him to go with you, and 
you have so much leverage upon him that he 
cannot swing around and use his left hand in 
defence. This trick should prove of value in 
ridding one's home or office of an annoying 
caller with whom it is not necessary to use very 
much ceremony. He will go, depend upon it, 
if urged in this fashion. 

There are almost endless methods of applying this trick of bending the arm the wrong 

way." By exercising his ingenuity the student will be able to devise many combinations, 
several of which will be found to impress any 
man whose sense of humour in not impaired by 
the fact that the joke is on himself. 

A CLEVER JAPANESE WAY OF EXPOSING 
SHAMMED UNCONSCIOUSNESS — THE 
SHOULDER PINCH AS A MEANS OF DE- 
FENCE— A HANDY WAY OF STOPPING A 
FIGHT IN A SECOND— AN ATTACK FROM 
BEHIND THAT LEAVES THE VICTIM WITH- 
OUT DEFENCE, AND ITS APPLICATION TO 
A BURGLAR OR OTHER INTRUDER 

IN a system of combat where strategy is as 
highly developed as it is m jiu-jitsu it is to 
be expected that the student will have to deal 
with the problem of shamming by his opponent. 
Indeed, the jiujitsian never hesitates to sham 
when by so doing he can gain any advantage. 

The only shamming that is regarded as being 
dishonourable is for one contestant to pretend 
to surrender, and then to take instant advantage of the cessation of his punishment by 
making an unlooked-for attack upon his adversary. But shammed unconsciousness is a trick 

in which no surrender has been proclaimed. 
If the victor in a bout can be deceived into 
believing that his victim has been rendered unconscious, and if the victor is lured thus into 
relaxing his vigilance, it is wholly proper to 
take advantage of his carelessness. 

For this reason it often becomes necessary 
to know whether an opponent is only pretending to have been deprived of his senses. The 
method of investigating that is shown in photograph No. 26 is an ingenious and effective one, 
and has the further excuse that it will restore 
consciousness in light attacks of fainting as 
well as in severe attacks of feinting. 

The assailant throws himself on the ground 
beside his adversary. With the tips of one 
finger the aggressor jabs the suspected pretender lightly and repeatedly in the solar plexus, 
while the investigator's other hand is employed 
in giving the shoulder pinch. The unremitting 
jabs in the plexus are in themselves enough to 
fill a shammer with a very lively desire to leap 
to his feet and thus deliver himself from the 
nauseating, nerve-wracking prodding. And 
the pain caused by the shoulder pincli CQHl- 

o 

pletes the pretender's earnest desire to escape 
further torment by surrender. 

It takes but very little time for the student 
to make himself master of this shoulder pinch. 
The thumb is pressed into the front side of the 
top of the shoulder, while the grip is kept by 
grasping with the fingers at the back of the 
shoulder. A very little practice upon his own 
shoulder will show a jiu-jitsian just where the 
spot is that is hyper-sensitive to the pinch with 
the thumb. Bear in mind that the ball of the 
thumb should dig in at the point where the 
head of the upper arm joins the scapula. 

Having learned this shoulder pinch, it behooves the student to experiment for the purpose of learning in how many combinations it 
can be used with effect. It is useful often in a 
clinch at close quarters, causing the adversary 
to wriggle out or to draw away from a punishment so painful. While the pinch leaves some 
soreness in its wake the feat is by no means a 
disabling one, and it may be resorted to as 
often as it is needed in attack or defence. 

Often this pinch can be employed by itself 
and not in combination. If the assailant 

secures a good grip in this fashion, keeping his 
own body as far away from return attack as 
possible, the victim is often forced to draw 
back out of striking distance. 

In photograph No. 27 a possible complication is shown. Here one of the contestants 
has bent swiftly forward to the ground in order 
to strike a sharp edge-of-the-hand blow against 
his opponent's shin. The latter, divining the 
intention, has promptly resorted to a shoulder 
pinch that will destroy the effect of the hand 
blow. For a little experimenting with severe 
shoulder pinches will show that this form of 
attack deprives an opponent's arm of nearly all 
of its striking power. 

Still another value of this shoulder pinch will 
be suggested to the investigating student. 
Often, in a throw, the victim will fall upon one 
side. It is an advantage to the aggressor to 
have his man lying face downward. In that 
case the shoulder pinch should be applied 
roughly to the shoulder on the ground. The 
pain is so intense that the victim rolls over on 
his face in order to weaken the force of the 
pinch. If he does the assailant must take 

prompt advantage by kneeling with one knee 
in the back of his opponent and the other knee 
across the back of one of the upper arms of 
the prostrate one. 

Now, the wrist of the arm that is so pinned 
must be seized, and the arm forced upward 
with a strong pull. As the upper portion of 
the arm is pinned by a knee, and the front 
side of the arm is downward, the victim's arm 
is forced through that painful process of which 
so much has been said, the process of bending 
the wrong way." And the result of this excruciating torment is unconditional and prompt 
surrender on the part of the now helpless 
victim. 

Still another way of taking this shoulder 
pinch is for the assailant to approach from behind and to seize both his opponent's shoulders, this time placing the thumbs at the backs 
of the shoulders and digging with the fingers 
into the sensitive spot at the front of the 
shoulder. It is a torturing form of punishment that prompts the victim, instinctively, to 
kick backward with his heels, and the aggressor 
must be on the alert to prevent damage to his 

own shins. If this backward kick with the 
heel is attempted the aggressor must promptly 
accomplish either a trip or a knee jab in one of 
the victim's kidneys. 

Again, when this spot on the front of the 
shoulder has been located so that the jiu-jitsu 
student can strike it unerringly, it is to be 
borne in mind that it offers an excellent point 
of attack for an edge-of-the-hand blow. The 
effect of this blow is to lame the arm so much 
that the victim's desire to continue the contest 
in greatly lessened. 

If ever troubled, in a crowd or in a narrow 
passage-way, by an obstinate fellow who can, 
but who will not, give you an opportunity to 
go forward, try the effect of the shoulder pinch 
from behind on both shoulders, at the same 
time pushing him ahead of you. He will go 
in the desired direction. And the same applies to any one who is to be ejected from the 
premises. 

With a good-natured friend the shoulder 
pinch, lightly applied from behind on one 
shoulder, is an amusing way of forcing him 
to turn and face you. In actual combat, of 

No. 28. STRAINING AN ARM AS A STOP TO FIQHTINQ. 

course, it is never an advantage to make an 
opponent face you, as the attack, if it can be 
begun from behind, is much better finished in 
that position. 

In the feat illustrated by photograph No. 28 
we come to a trick that may be played upon 
an opponent from a position at his side. This 
is another application of "bending the arm the 
wrong way." Seize his nearer wrist with both 
hands. At the same time thrust your nearer 
foot in front of his nearer foot, hooking it. 
His wrist must be held with the inside forward. 
When seizing the wrist a pressure downward 
on his arm forces him to bend forward. Pull 
the arm across your nearer leg, and with the 
pressure at his captured wrist bend the arm 
backward. If it is wished the attack can be 
ended in a throw, tripping his engaged foot 
and completing the work with a wrench on his 
captured arm. If the victim be taken properly 
he cannot offer any saving counter, and, even 
without the throw, he is reduced to prompt 
surrender. 

This same principle may be applied in a 
slightly different fashion. Seize his wrist as 

before, but do not attempt to make the victim 
bend forward. Instead, raise your nearer knee, 
planting it firmly against the back of his upper 
arm. And the hold is much more firmly taken 
if one hand only is employed in seizing the 
enemy's wrist, the other hand gripping at his 
shoulder. Some of the effect of the shoulder 
pinch may be had in gripping the shoulder. 

All thought of further fight will leave the 
victim who is severely attacked after the 
method that is illustrated by photograph No. 
29. This trick may be practised safely enough 
between friends, employing light blows, but it 
is hardly to be recommended in actual combat 
save where the circumstances justify ugly 
attack. 

Both arms of the aggressor are used simultaneously, but in order to enable the student 
to get at the idea piece-meal the work of the 
arms will be described separately. One hand 
is jabbed fairly over the kidney, in the soft 
part just below the last rib. This attack on 
the kidney is delivered with great severity 
when actual combat calls for it. The jab may 
be delivered with the finger tips, or with the 

No. 29. A FEAT USED EITHER AS A HOLD OR FOR A THROW. 

clenched fist. Or it may be given very effectively with the middle knuckle of the second 
finger projecting from the clenched fist. It is 
highly important that the blow be struck just 
at the most sensitive point. The effect is to 
make the victim feel sick all over. It takes 
ambition out of him. In any style of attack 
a severe kidney blow has the same effect, 
utterly weakening the man who receives 
it. 

The fore-arm of the other arm is struck 
back smartly upon the jugular. Some practice 
must be undertaken in order to make this blow 
effective to its utmost. If the "Adam's apple" 
be struck, instead of the jugular, the effect is 
that much the more disastrous to the victim, 
but it is easier to land with full force on the 
jugular. 

The effect of this attack is, of course, to 
throw the victim backward. Thus, at the 
moment of the double striking, the assailant 
should spring backward and allow his man to 
strike the ground. The victim will be so weak 
that the assailant will not be called upon to 
use the utmost nimbleness in following up the 

attack by reducing his opponent to complete 
submission. 

The illustration shows with exactness the 
relative positions of the two contestants. 

TWO EXCELLENT COMBINATION ATTACKS FOR 
EXTREME OCCASIONS — HOW TO STOP A 
PASSING FUGITIVE IN THE STREET — HOW 
TO OVERTAKE A FUGITIVE AND REDUCE 
HIM TO SUBMISSION 

SEVERAL hints have been given already as 
to certain edge-of-the-hand blows that, 
while they should be given lightly in friendly 
bouts of practice, should never be employed 
in actual combat except under stress of dire 
necessity. In other words, these dangerous 
blows should not be resorted to in any condition of encounter where the j'iu-jitsian would 
not feel equally justified in using a deadly 
weapon. 

These dangerous blows are those that may 
be struck against the "Adam's apple," slantingly across the temples, horizontally just over 
the ear, and at the base of the brain. The 
blow on the "Adam's apple" is not deadly, 

but he who uses it runs the risk of smashing 
the hyoid bone, and thus of doing irreparable 
injury to the vocal apparatus and to the swallowing processes. As has been explained before, the blow over the jugular will answer 
every purpose of defence as well. Blows on 
the temples, or just over an ear are likely to 
result in serious and lasting brain injury. 
Even an edge-of-the-hand blow at the base of 
the spine, if delivered with too great force, is 
likely to cripple the recipient for life. 

But the most dangerous of all these blows is 
that at the base of the skull. It may cause 
death. The concussion of the blow may result 
in injury to the medulla oblongata of so serious 
a nature as to stop the action of the heart and 
lungs, and thus put an end to life itself. 

None of these dangerous blows would have 
been mentioned by the author but for the fact 
that the student, in experimenting, would be 
very likely to find them out for himself and to 
employ them in ignorance of the consequences. 
With this premise we will pass to the consideration of two tricks that may be employed in 
cases of extreme personal danger. Photograph 

No. 30. AN UGLY BACK-OF-THE-NEOK BLOW. 

No. 30 illustrates the first of them. Here the 
assailant employs his left hand in taking a 
momentary body-hold at his opponent's right 
side. This blow may be taken squarely at the 
side, but should be in the soft part below the 
last rib, and should be delivered with as much 
force as the assailant can employ for the impact. The aim in striking hard at this point 
is to incapacitate the victim as much as possible 
at the outset. If the relative positions of the 
two combatants permit it is even better that 
the blow be landed over the right kidney, but 
this would require a rather wide reach around 
the victim's body when the second half of the 
attack is made. 

Instantly after striking at the right side the 
assailant should employ his own right hand in 
delivering a sharp edge blow at the base of his 
adversary's skull. If both hands of the aggressor are used with sufficient smartness and 
force the collapse of the victim is instantaneous. Skill in this feat should be acquired by 
all women students as it will be of value to 
them in any case where they are attacked in 
the absence of their natural protectors. And 

a woman is peculiarly able to use strategy in 
the use of such a trick. A male assailant 
would not look for effective resistance from a 
woman, and in the first few seconds of surprise 
she can pretend shrinking fear, throwing the 
would-be assailant oif his guard. Then like a 
flash she can dispose of the intruder. If she 
plants her blows skilfully and forcibly there 
will be no immediate need of a police ofiScer's 
presence. There will be time enough for her to 
get her breath and to take a parting look in the 
glass before setting out in quest of a blue-coat. 
As much may be said for the situation that 
is suggested by photograph No. 31. Here the 
assailant begins the attack from the opponent's 
side. The first move is to seize the victim's 
nearer wrist with the hand of the arm that is 
farther from the victim. This wrist is to be 
held in a tight grip until the victim is prostrate. The victim shown in the illustration, 
at the moment that his wrist was seized, has 
bent swiftly forward to seize his opponent's 
leg, near the ankle, for the purpose of making 
a throw. This, however, renders it all the 
easier for the aggressor to follow the capture 

No. 31. A POSSIBLE COMPLICATION IN SIMULTANEOUS ATTACK. 

of the wrist swiftly with a blow at the base of 
the skull — and the encounter is ended ! 

Once or twice in a lifetime it may happen 
that a citizen will have occasion to stop a fugitive fleeing through the streets. The same 
need may arise with a policeman several times 
in a month. It is an easy matter to stop a 
fugitive from behind, for, in running he is at 
his worst for self-defence. 

Of course, if he is running away from you, 
the first matter is to catch up with him. Unfortunately in this detail jiu-jitsu has no help 
to offer. All depends upon the pursuer's 
sprinting abilities, and the running track is the 
best place to acquire speed. 

But, if you can overtake your fugitive, the 
simplest plan is to throw both arms around his 
neck, clasping one wrist with the other hand at 
the front of his throat. Stop the instant that 
you have the hold. In the next second spring 
back, dragging the fellow to the ground. 

There is another way of doing the thing, 
which consists in seizing the fugitive by the 
shoulders. Throw your right leg in front of 
his right leg, and throw him over your leg. 

In chasing a fugitive it must be always borne 
in mind that merely seizing him is not a safe 
programme. The throw must follow instantly. 
Even though he seems a man of slight physique, 
the fugitive may be master of some dangerous 
fighting tricks. If he is merely caught and 
held he is likely to make use of some trick 
whose least effect will be to leave the pursuer 
behind, hopelessly humiliated over a defeat for 
which he had not looked. 

There is another way in which a fugitive can 
be stopped from behind, and it is so effective 
that it is worth a good deal of practice. The 
chances are that the pursuer will be wearing 
either a coat or a jacket. As he sprints after 
the fleeing fellow let him strip off this garment, 
holding it in readiness in both hands. 

At the instant of overtaking the fugitive 
throw the garment over his head, enveloping 
it, and make the garment fast by gripping it 
tightly in a hold around his neck. Then, as 
the victim is dragged back to the ground, his 
head is closely enveloped. Unable to see anything, his chances of fighting effectively are reduced to next to nothing. 

In case the fugitive halts and turns quickly, 
try to throw the garment over his face before 
he can prevent the attack. In this position, 
too, his inability to see what his assailant is 
doing to him will make defence much more 
difficult. 

How shall a fugitive be stopped by a citizen 
toward whom he is running? Ninety-nine men 
out of one hundred would, under these circumstances, make the effort by thrusting a foot 
sideways and tripping the fellow. But this 
method has its dangers. The writer remembers a case that occurred in San Francisco 
more than a dozen years ago, A Chinaman, 
after having committed a murder in the street, 
took to his heels with a howling mob pursuing. 
The murderer was fleet, and seemed to have a 
fair chance of getting away. 

Up the street, in the opposite direction to 
that taken by the fugitive, came a young 
Italian. He saw the Chinaman coming toward 
him, pistol in hand, and with the mob behind. 
Taking in the situation, the Italian halted for an 
instant, then, as the Mongol went by, thrust out 
a foot to trip. Quick as a flash the Chinaman 

raised his weapon and fired. The bullet went 
into the Italian's leg. Swerving but a foot 
or two, the Chinaman kept on without having abated his speed for an instant. Had 
it not been that a young man fleet of foot 
joined the mob behind and set a swift pace, the 
yellow criminal would have gotten away for the 
time being. 

Of all ways for stopping a fugitive who is 
running toward you is that which is depicted 
in photograph No. 32. As soon as you catch 
sight of the runner make up your mind just 
what is to be done and do it coolly. The 
situation calls for strategy. Continue your 
pace toward the fugitive, neither slackening 
nor increasing your speed. Do not seem to 
be looking at him at all. 

If you act the part well the fugitive will not 
plan any attack upon you. He has just gotten 
himself into trouble, and he does not want any 
more. He sees nothing suspicious in your 
conduct and keeps on. The whole thing happens in a few seconds. 

Just as the fugitive is passing — when it is 
too late for him to act against you — throw out 

No. 32. ONE JIU-JITSU METHOD OF HALTING A RUNNING FUGITIVE. 

your nearer arm, catching him across the abdomen. Hold on tightly. In the same instant 
swing around so that your farther arm may be 
employed in striking him squarely across the 
front of the throat. 

The hold at the abdomen has checked the 
speed of the runner, and, of itself, will almost 
stop him. But the blow across the throat 
sends him backward at the very instant when 
his speed has been greatly lessened. The result of this double attack is that the fugitive 
goes over backward. The jiu-jitsian who has 
read this far in the book with profit will know 
just how to secure his man when he has sent 
him to the ground. 

The very act of stopping the runner when 
going at full speed has all but destroyed his 
balance. It requires but a little more of impulse to carry him wholly off his feet. Fall 
upon him, securing, if feasible, a hold that will 
enable you to make his arm "bend the wrong 
way — and the fugitive will find his career 
stopped as thoroughly as if he had collided 
with a stone wall. 

SOME NICE PROBLEMS IN ATTACK AND DE- 
FENCE THAT THE STUDENT CAN SOLVE 
WITH THE AID OF WHAT HAS BEEN DE- 
SCRIBED AND THE HINTS THAT ARE NOW 
GIVEN 

THE student who has mastered all of the 
work that has been described in the foregoing chapters will have a good basic knowledge of the most important principles of 
jiu-jitsu. What more he has to learn will come 
mainly from practice and from a trained observation that will enable him to make the utmost use of what he has learned. 

One can rehearse the tricks given in this 
book, and he will have a good theoretical 
knowledge of the ancient Japanese art of protecting himself. But the practical knowledge 
is needed in its highest degree, and this can 
come only from keeping up the work, and 
from learning to use each trick with an agility 
that is ever increasing. 

At the base of all true jiu-jitsu are good 
nature and leniency. The adept in jiujitsu 
must never be a bully he must not go about 
with the proverbial chip on his shoulder. He 
must not seek trouble, but should do all that 
he sensibly can to avoid encounters that are 
anything more than friendly. Cultivate patience and good nature. If a dispute threatens 
to lead to personal encounter do not make the 
first move of attack until it becomes unavoidable. 

A Japanese who is versed in the snares of 
jiujitsu is better equipped for fighting than 
any man can be who is not so equipped. Yet 
the Japanese are proverbially polite and they 
are patient to an extreme. The Japanese who 
is threatened by a bully does not immediately 
set himself in aggressive action. Instead, he 
smiles, and does his best to smooth the difficulty over. Back of his smile lurks the consciousness that no man but a jiujitsian of 
greater skill than his own can by any possibility defeat him. When one knows in advance that he is to win in an encounter he can 
afford to be patient. 

It is time, now, for the student to practise 
with some one who is familiar with Anglo- 
Saxon methods of attack. The student should 
learn all of the ways in which he is likely to be 
attacked. The most popular form of attack 
with an Anglo-Saxon is to let his fist fly 
straight out from the shoulder. This the 
student knows how to stop by catching the fist 
and "breaking" the assailant's arm over his 
own shoulder. Probably this is the most important single feat for use in encountering a 
boxer. The student must take pains to get well 
past the theoretical stage in this performance. 
He should render himself, through constant 
practice, letter-perfect in the use of the trick. 
Never be satisfied with the speed that has been 
gained; always strive for better and better 
speed. It is well, though, to bear in mind that 
it is a cardinal rule in boxing that a counter 
can be employed, if it be a good one, in slightly 
less time than is required for the assault. 

But, in practising this trick of catching the 
opponent's fist, do not overlook the importance 
of the fendings that may be made with the 
edge of the hand against an assailant's arm. 

No. 25. THE DEVIL'S HAND-SHAKE." 

Do not neglect practice in thjs style of defence, 
which is of great value in stopping a blow when 
there is not time to get the hands up for catching a fist. The edge-of-the-hand blows are 
useful also in a variety of cases where the contestants are at close bodily quarters. 

Then, when the opponent ducks as he strikes, 
one must always be prepared to catch the head 
in the jiu-jitsu of chancery that has been explained. This chancery is highly effective, and 
is far safer than the back-of-the-neck blow that 
would naturally suggest itself to the novice in 
jiujitsu. And with the enemy's head in 
chancery the hand not employed otherwise can 
be made to do a finishing piece of work in the 
form of a kidney blow. 

A method of attacking a man that is employed much in this country consists of rushing 
at him, securing him by both shoulders, or by 
the upper arms, giving him the back heel of 
wrestling, and throwing him to the ground. 
This can be met promptly, and stopped effectively by thejiujitsian for the latter has one 
of his hands at the assailant's back. Here 
there are two ways in which the jiujitsian can 

defend himself. One is to employ his elbow 
in a jab at the short ribs of his assailant. 
Usually this blow can be delivered with great 
severity, and it can be landed at the instant 
that the aggressor has taken hold. The other 
method is for the jiu-jitsian to use the hand 
that is at his enemy's back in a kidney blow. 
Very often an alert man on the defensive can 
use both blows at the very instant that the 
aggressor takes the clinch. In that case it is 
certain that the assailant will not make a 
throw. It is a favourite trick with some rough 
and ready fighters to rush forward, duck and 
seize the intended victim with one arm thrust 
under the crotch, then rising with the victim 
and throwing him. Sometimes this can be 
met by the agile jiu-jitsian with the Japanese 
form of chancery hold. It can always be 
countered, if the man on the defensive is as 
agile as he should be, by dropping both hands 
on the back of the aggressor's head as he 
ducks, thus making it impossible for him to 
rise. And one hand can be swiftly released by 
the man on the defensive and applied to the 
assailant's kidney on the nearer side. 

It is well, too, for \.h.e jiu-Jitsian to remember 
that he should never be satisfied with one defensive blow when two or three can be used in 
rapid succession. Study out how many blows 
may be used in swift sequence and with disconcerting effect on the antagonist. Suppose, 
for example, that the two antagonists are in a 
clinch with their nearer sides close together. 
The Jiu-Jitsian is able to inflict an elbow Jab in 
the enemy's short ribs this may be followed, 
like a flash with three other moves — a fingertip jab in the solar plexus, an edge-of-the-hand 
blow under the point of the chin, and a slanting 
edge-of-the-hand blow on the forehead. The 
enemy who receives all of these styles of attack 
in the space of some three seconds will not feel 
like fighting any more that day. It is well 
worth the student's while to practise this sequence, and to devise as many more as he can 
by intelligent practice of what he has learned 
in other feats. In especial the student should 
remember to follow the solar-plexus jab always, 
when practicable, with an edge-of-the-hand 
blow under the point of the chin. In this case 
it is always the thumb side of the hand that 

HO Jiu-jitsu Combat Tricks 

is used, the thumb being folded across the 
palm. 

In rough-and-tumble clinches it is a favourite 
trick to use the knee against the crotch or the 
abdomen, and if the jiu-jitsian permits himself 
to be caught unawares in this fashion he is all 
but sure to be defeated. When a clinch is to 
be made, always swing one side of the body 
toward the assailant, keeping the nearer leg in 
such position that the aggressor cannot land 
with his knee either in the crotch or in the 
abdomen. This knack can be acquired with a 
little practice. This position has the added 
advantage of enabling \h& jiu-jitsian to use his 
own knee where his enemy has not taken a 
similar precaution. 

In some parts of Europe it is a favourite 
trick, in beginning an impromptu fight, for the 
aggressor to lift one arm in a defensive position 
and to try to drive the steel ferrule of his umbrella or cane into his antagonist's abdomen. 
This nasty trick is not by any means unknown 
in this country. Yet the defence against this 
form of attack is an easy one, calling mainly 
for well-developed agility. Take a side step 

swiftly to that side of the opponent's body 
that is farther from the cane or umbrella. At 
the instant of taking the step land an edge-ofthe-hand blow on the enemy's jugular, endeavouring to make this blow forcible enough 
and sharp enough to send him to the ground. 
At the instant of landing, or trying to land, 
the blow take a second side step. The idea of 
this second step is that, in case the blow fails 
to land properly, you have carried yourself out 
of reach of your opponent. 

Then there is the assailant who comes up 
behind and who wraps his arms around his 
intended victim, pinning them at the latter's 
sides. In one of the earlier chapters of this 
volume the student has been told how to free 
himself from this hold, following it with an 
elbow jab in the abdomen. But it is possible, 
also, to throw the assailant, if he seizes you in 
this fashion. First of all, free yourself partially from his hold, after the manner advised 
when the elbow jab is used. Follow the freeing by seizing one of his legs and straightening 
up, just as the policeman has been advised 
to do when employing the counter to the 

club trick. And, in general, the policeman's 
method of ridding himself of his tormentor is 
applicable in every case of being seized from 
behind, except in the case of the hold that 
is illustrated in photograph No. 22. Where 
the jiu-jitsian is himself the assailant from 
behind he is advised to employ this latter 
form of hold in every instance where it can be 
used. 

When attacked with a straight-out kick, of 
course the method of defence should be to 
catch the coming foot just back of the heel, 
jerk the foot upward, and send the aggressor 
over on his back. But this style of kick is so 
easily met and countered that it is seldom attempted in real combat. 

It will repay the student well who has gone 
thus far to study out all possible forms of attack 
that are outside of jiu-jitsu, and to study next 
what the most effective kind oi jiu-jitsu counter 
would be. With the groundwork of Japanese 
tricks that has been given the student who does 
the most thinking and practising will be the 
most formidable opponent, for the student has 
reached a point now where he can and should 

become his own instructor — ever watchful and 
alert in practice, and ever remembering that 
through practice the performance of every feat 
should be as second nature. 

FINISHING TOUCHES IN THE JAPANESE SCI- 
ENCE OF ATTACK AND DEFENCE — A SUM- 
MARY OF THE BEST FEATS FOR WOMEN 
TO PRACTISE AND TO USE AT NEED- 
FINAL CAUTIONS TO THE STUDENT WHO 
WOULD BE EXPERT IN JIU-JITSU 

IT is in acquiring the finishing touches of the 
ancient art that the student shows whether 
or not he is naturally fitted for expert work in 
jiu-jitsu. Every feat that he performs is based 
on some natural law, and the extension and 
perfection of the feat depend upon the students' ability to observe natural laws and to 
apply them. 

For example, when striking downward with 
an edge-of-the-hand blow the student should 
discover that the blow is both more easy and 
more effective if the weight of his body be 
added to the impulse. Then a little thought 
will show the jiujitsian that by springing 

slightly off his feet just before landing with his 
hand the weight of his body will be added to 
the blow. 

After a very little practice the student will 
find that this knowledge and its application 
has greatly increased his efficiency. It will 
then occur to the student that a brisk forward 
impulse will add to the value of any blow or 
jab he may use in frontal attack. He must 
study, now, how to give that forward impulse. 

In the same manner he will find out for himself just how to make his weight count for the 
most when trying to bear down an opponent 
and he will learn how to straighten up with the 
weight of the opponent on his back. 

No indications for the solution of these problems are to be offered to the student now. If 
he cannot solve them for himself, after a little 
effort, he may know that he is lacking the instincts that make the true Jiu-jitsian. 

Not very many years ago it would have been 
considered, in this country, an impertinent 
thing to suggest that women should learn these 
combat tricks, or at least the simplest and most 
serviceable of them. Btit of late years the 

athletic woman has begun to develop a healthT 
ful interest in the lighter work of boxing and 
wrestling, and so it is natural that she should 
continue her education in the matter of physical encounter, and become something of an 
expert in jiu-jitsu. It was in London that 
women first fell in with this idea, and Japanese 
instructors became suddenly in great demand. 
The craze quickly crossed the ocean, and in 
the United States, to-day, there are not a few 
women who are capable of holding their own 
in combat with men. 

Several of the feats that the author has described in the present volume may be learned 
readily by women, and should be used by them 
at any time of need and in the absence of their 
natural protectors. The edge-of-the-hand blow 
over the jugular is one that is easy of acquirement by women. The hold that is secured by 
bending the arm up behind the back is another 
feat that should be practised by women. The 
come along, and, in fact, many of the applications of "bending the arm the wrong way 
are of especial value to women who do not 
think it beneath their dignity to be able to de- 

fend themselves at a pinch. And every woman 
who feels the slightest interest in the subject 
should persuade herself to practise repeatedly 
at the trick of stopping and catching an assailant's fist and of "breaking the attacking arm 
over her shoulder. 

And especially effective for women are the 
jabs that may be delivered with either elbow 
in the short ribs of an opponent, or in the soft 
parts just below. If a woman is annoyed by a 
fellow who steps up to her side in a crowded 
street it does not come amiss to know how to 
give him an effective elbow jab in the solar 
plexus or in the abdomen. The woman who 
can do this neatly will save herself from further 
annoyance. 

Any of the holds or throws that have been 
explained in these pages will be of service to 
the woman who finds an intruder in her home 
at a time when its natural male protectors are 
away. But, as the average Anierican woman 
of athletic tendencies is still a trifle backward 
in the desire to learn throws she will content 
herself at present with mastering a few holds, 
and be satisfied with this method of securing 

an intruder. Here is a simple hold that will 
serve for the detention of a thief or insolent 
rascal until her cries bring a policeman or a 
neighbour 

For the purpose of practice, stand at the left 
side of the practice opponent, and a little to 
the rear at the same time. The intended victim 
should stand with his arms hanging naturally 
at his side. The student thrusts her left arm 
between his left arm and the body, and at a 
point barely above his elbow. Her left arm Is 
forced horizontally across his back. 

Now, at the same instant, her right hand 
pounces upon his right elbow, and that arm is 
forced over towards his left. Her left hand 
seizes his right arm just above the elbow, while 
her left elbow hooks with his left elbow. The 
hand that is resting forcibly on his right elbow 
forces this right arm over to where it can be 
seized. 

It is easy, then, for the woman assailant to 
hold the victim's arms behind his back with her 
left arm and hand, and her right hand still on 
his right elbow keeps his right arm in place. 
In addition, she is able to release her right 

hand for the striking of a blow if it becomes 
necessary. 

With some practice any woman of ordinary 
strength can acquire the knack of seizing and 
holding a man in this fashion. She can take 
him quite unawares and render him helpless 
without the outla> of much exertion. She 
must, however, look out that he does not succeed in kicking back with his heel, and, if he 
does try it, she must be prepared to strike or 
to choke with her right hand, which may be 
spared for the purpose. 

There are many other feats m Jiu-jitsu that a 
woman may learn to employ with most convincing embarrassment to a male assailant, and 
the author would suggest that all the tricks of 
combat that he has described be experimented 
with by our American women and by their 
English sisters, and that the most attractive be 
thoroughly mastered. If a feat in combat is 
needed by a woman but once in her lifetime, 
yet is ready when the moment comes, it is 
worth all the cost of effort in learning it. 

A few words of final caution, if they are heeded, will be of value to the student of either sex. 

In the first place, do not be eager to learn 
too much at the outset. One feat, mastered, 
is worth a half-dozen that are but half-learned. 
It is far better, in the beginning, to take up 
but one trick, and to keep at that until the 
performance of it is natural and easy for the 
student. Then devote the same amount of 
effort to a second trick. When the two are 
well mastered, practise them alternately during 
a few bouts, then adding a third, and, after a 
few days more, a fourth trick. This may seem 
tedious to the student, but it will repay him 
well where he will meet only with ultimate 
disappointment if he gives way to the rather 
natural impulse to pick up at least a dozen 
feats during the first bout of practice. 

Patience, steadiness, thoroughness pay heavy 
dividends in the study ol jiu-jitsu. Four years 
is the average length of time devoted to the 
study of the art in a Japanese school. 

Care must be taken not to carry the effort to 
the wearying point in any one practice bout. 
The body may not suffer, but jiu-jitsu, in its 
best development, is subtle and crafty, and the 
active mind can be tired very easily. When 

the fatigue point for the brain is reached, all 
further practice in that bout is detrimental to 
the student's practice. Twenty minutes in a 
day is enough time to devote to practice, if 
the student's mind be kept keenly on the alert. 
The practice bout should never last longer 
than a half an hour. 

If it can be borne in mind, at all times, that 
the bout should be even more of a mental than 
a physical drill, then the best results will be 
obtained. In jiu-jitsu extreme discipline of 
the mind is both a requirement and a result. 

THE END 

^9 Physical Training' 
 for Women 

accordinc( ^o 

fapanese MetKods 

(Jiu.JlUu) 

By H. IRVING HANCOCK 

Author of "Japansae Phyaleal Trainimg." otc. 

i2mo. With 32 illustrations. Net, $i.as 

One of the phrases that should be stricken from 
the English language is the weaker sex." In 
Japan the women are no weaker than men, and in 
this country they have no right to be. 

This is due to the fact that the Japanese women 
exercise in substantially the same way as the men, 
and devote fully as much time to the endeavor of 
gaining and maintaining strength. 

From remote antiquity, there has existed in 
Japan a system of training for the body, known 
a.& Jiu-jitsu. \]\tixaaXe\y Jiu-jitsu is a highly 
scientific system of rapid and convincing 
attack and defense. Before the stage of 
combat is reached, however, much work 
must be devoted to acquiring a knowledge 
of the nerves and muscles, such as comes 
from well-sustained preliminary practice. 

Send for Bluttraled Cireukr, 

 

NEW VORK LONDON 

JIU.JITSU 

Ji\l-Jit8\I is the Japanese method of Physical 

Training. 
Jitl-Jitau has been practised by the Japanese 

for 2500 years. 
Ji\»-Jita\l means muscle breaking." 

Jiu-jitsu is easily learnt. 

Jiu-jitsu helps the weak to master the strong. 

For further information see H. Irving Hancock's 
timely book, 

Japanese PKysical 
Training 

(Jiu.JlUu) 

lamo, with 19 full-page illustrations, net $1.35 
(postage IOC.) 

The Pall Mall Gatette makes these points in its review of 
this most opportune book 

1. A work that every one should make point of 

rsadins. 
3. A text-book possesslnc much of the fasebiatlOB 

of a 2ood novel, 
a. Mo one Is likely to read the first chapter wlth> 

out becoming fired with a consumlnK dssirs 

to go right through the book." 

Send tor Illustrated Greular. 

NEW YOKK LONDON