Wason 
J3 

ASIA 

CORNELL 

UNIVERSITY 

LIBRARY 

THE WASON COLLECTION 

THIS BOOK IS THE GIFT OF 

E. L. Nichols 

Cornell University Library 

Cornell University 
Library 

The original of tliis book is in 
tine Cornell University Library. 

There are no known copyright restrictions in 
the United States on the use of the text. 

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023281532 

THE ARM OF A SAMPLE STUDENT OF JIU-JITSU." 

The Japanese do not care for great lumps of muscle on the upper arms. The 
little lump just over the bend of the elbow is regarded by the Japanese as being 
the most important of all. A splendid type of the arm produced by y/;(-7y/j>:/. 
The man stands 5 feet i inch, weighs 120 pounds. 

Japanese Physical 
Training 

The System of Exercise, Diet, and General Mode of Living that 

has made the Mikado's People the Healthiest, Strongest, 

and Happiest Men and Women in the World 

BY 

H. Irving Hancock 

Author of "Life at Wtet Point," "Tales from lyuzon'' 
"Wliat One Man Saw," etc. 

Photographs by George J. Hare, Jr. 

New York and London 

Zbc 'ffcntcftet&ocHet press 
GoPyHIGHT, 1903 
 BY 

Published, November, 1903 

 L. lYiQ.-hoh 

Zbe fenfciiet'boctei; press, -Rew JpotS 

TO ONE WHO HAS DEVOTED THE BEST YEARS OF HIS 

LIFE TO THE BETTERMENT OF AMERICAN 

PHYSIQUE AND HEALTH 

BERNARR MACFADDEN 

THIS VOLUME IS INSCRIBED BY 
THE AUTHOR 

In presenting this volume to the public the 
author is aware that he is offering a decided 
novelty to readers who are familiar only with 
American systems of athletics. The Japanese 
system of physical training is so ancient that 
its origin dates before the time when the authentic history of these people began. Yet, 
while the Japanese have adapted from Western 
civilisation everything that they consider to be 
necessary to their national development, they 
have retained jiu-jitsu and all its underlying 
principles as the means by which the nation is 
to work for its physical well-being. They 
have done more, for, whereas jiu-jitsu was 
taught at one time to the aristocratic classes 
only, it is taught now to all of the people of 
Dai Nippon who wish to acquire it. The value 
of jiujitsu is proven by the fact that the 
Japanese, while a diminutive race, possess the 
greatest endurance of any people on earth. 

It may seem strange that the. presentation 
ofthis science — for such it may be aptLy termed 
— should come through an American. But the 
author has approached his task with no hesitancy. Something more than seven years ago 
he began his course of instruction va. jiu-jitsu 
under Japanese friends in this country. Subsequently h^ studied in Nagasaki, under Inouye 
San, instructor oijiujitsu in the police department of that city. Still later the author took 
supplementary courses under native teachers in 
Yokohama and in Tokio. When Inouye San 
visited this country the author went once more 
under the tuition of that veteran, who is considered to be one of the best instructors in Japan. 

There are in Japan, to-day, some six different systems of jiu-jitsu taught. In the main, 
the author has described the science as it is 
imparted by Inouye San, but some of the best 
work from the other schools has been included. 
The aim has been to give a perfect, composite 
whole of the essential principles of health and 
of the tricks of attack and defence that are 
needed by the perfect physical man or woman. 

The reader will find much of interest in a 

vu 

careful inspection of the two Japanese models 
who have posed for the illustrations in this 
book. The smaller of the two models weighs 
but one hundred and twenty pounds, yet he is 
a giant in miniature. His strength excels that 
of an American athlete of one hundred and 
seventy-five pounds. This the author is able 
to state after witnessing actual tests. The 
secret of such surprising strength is one that is 
easily mastered by him who will give time and 
resolution to its acquirement. 

There is no need for any man, woman, or child 
who possesses ordinary health to become a 
weakling. In Japan weakness or long illnesses 
are considered ^q be the misfortunes of only 
th^ very aged. An eminent American authority 
on physical training has declared that "weakness is a crime. The Japanese look upon lack 
ofslrength as being a freak or an eccentricity. 

In taking up this exhilarating, life-giving 
work there is one danger against which the 
reader must be warned. Americans are impetuous, impatient. Some will want to master 
the whole science in a week. In Japan the 
full course va. jiu-jitsu requires four years' time. 

Many an American reader will skip swiftly over 
the parts of the book that describe the best 
diet, the right use of bathing, the wearing of 
proper clothing, deep breathing, and the necessity for oft-repeated practice in the resistant 
exercises. These latter are the muscular 
foundation upon which success in the tricks 
of combat must rest. 

At times the author has taken pupils m Jiujitsu from among his friends. Almost invariably these pupils have listened impatiently 
to the fundamental instructions, and have 
wanted to pass at once to the advanced feats 
of combat. This is a grave mistake. The 
foundation must be laid first, and then the 
superstructure may be built by degrees. There 
is no danger in Jiujitsu if each step of the 
work is taken up thoroughly in its order. In 
this volume each step is given in sequence. 

But there is danger in Jiu-jitsu when the advanced work is taken up before the preliminary 
tasks are mastered. During more than seven 
years of practice at Jiu-jitsu the author has 
been injured but once in combat. That was 
when an apt young woman pupil wished to 

hasten on at once to the advanced feats. The 
author threw his pupil without injury, and 
then invited her to make the attack in the 
manner shown. She took a different style of 
attack, however, and the only way in which the 
author could have prevented defeat would 
have been by inflicting an injury that would 
have weakened his pupil seriously for a long 
time to come. He preferred to accept defeat, 
and the result to him was lacerated ligaments 
of the right leg. Had the pupil been thoroughly grounded in the preliminary work she 
would have understood how to accomplish the 
throw without injury. 

In the hands of the ignora.nt,jiu-jitsumsy be 
made dangerous. With those who will study 
each step in ithe^sequence given in this volume, 
and who do not try to advance any more 
rapidly than is warranted by complete mastery 
of each successive phase of the science, there is 
no danger, and perfect physical development 
will come slowly, but with a certainty that 
must make for happiness. 

H. Irving Hancock. 

CONTENTS 

The History of "Jiu-jitsu," with a Description of its 

First Principles i 

A Healthy Stomach the Basis of All Strength — What 

the Japanese Eat in Summer and in Winter 13 

Feats that Strengthen the Heart and Lungs — Work 
that Brings the Arms to a Condition of Magnificent 
Development 26 

Exercises that Develop the Legs — The Incidental 

Benefit to the Arms 43 

The Value of Even Temper in Athletics — Some of the 

Feats that Require Good Nature 53 

Water, Nature's Greatest Remedy 65 

xii Contents 

Fresh Air as a Vitaliser — The Use of Stimulants and 

of Narcotics 77 

Extreme Leanness and Obesity — Their Cures 85 

Preliminary Feats of Attack and Defence 97 

Advanced Tricks of Combat lo6 

Things that the Student can Teach Himself — How 

Agility is Acquired .119 

Closing Suggestions to American Students .151 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

The Arm of a Sample Student of Jiu-Jitsu." 

Frontispiece 
The Japanese do not care for great lumps of muscle 
on the upper arms. The little lump just over the 
bend of the elbow is regarded by the Japanese as 
being the most important of all. A splendid type 
of the arm produced \>y jiu-jitsu. The man stands 
S feet I inch, weighs 120 pounds. 

The Old-Style Japanese Wrestler 2 
The commoner. Height, 6 ft. 3 in. Weight, 280 lbs. 
Trained for the work from infancy. 

The Arm-Pinch 6 

Employed in paralysing an adversary's arm. 

The Struggle 28 

One of the most important Japanese exercises for 
the development of the entire body. 

Wrist-to- Wrist Resistant Exercise 30 

Resistant Wrist Exercise as Practised by One 
Person. 34 

Back-to-Back Work 4° 

The complement of The Struggle.'' A splendid 
way of developing the back muscles and other 
muscles of the body. 

xiv Illustrations 

Leg Resistant Exercise 44 

The Hand-Grip 98 

Used in throwing an opponent. 

The Throat Blow with the Flat of the Wrist 100 

This is a sure knock-out." (The author has employed it in earnest with results most satisfactory 
to himself.) 

 The Come- Along 102 

A trick employed by the Japanese police for overcoming a troublesome prisoner. 

A Very Handy Clinch for Stopping a Threatened 

Attack 104 

(If the grip is taken too strongly it is possible to 
break the opponent's neck.) 

Throwing an Opponent over the Head 106 

The Most Effective Method of Taking an Adversary BY the Throat 108 

If the grip is secured the adversary is defeated 
every time. 

How a Throat-Hold is Thrown off without 
Difficulty no 

Throwing an Opponent over the Shoulder .112 

How AN Attack may be Warded off by a Clinch 
over the Shoulders 114 

Illustrations xv 

The Method of Taking a Pistol away from One 
Who Intends TO Use It ii6 

The Coat Trick ii8 

Used for reducing an antagonist to helplessness. 

JAPANESE PHYSICAL 
TRAINING 

THE HISTORY OF "jIU-JITSU," WITH A DE- 
SCRIPTION OF ITS FIRST PRINCIPLES 

There are in vogue to-day many systems of 
physical training — ^most of them excellent. At 
first thought there would seem to be no need 
of a new volume on the subject. 

But the author wishes to present the system 
that from personal experience he believes to be 
the most wonderful of all in building up the 
perfect, healthy body — a body that is capable 
of undergoing a strain that would seem incredible to a Caucasian. Certainly there is no 
hardier race in the world than the Japanese. 
Throughout the campaign of the Allies in 

China, in 1900, the Japanese repeatedly proved 
their ability to outmarch our troops by fifty 
per cent. — and this despite the fact that our 
American soldiers ranked second in point of 
endurance. 

What enabled the little men from Dai Nippon 
to outstrip so easily the big, sturdy fellows of 
the American regiments? Even newly appointed graduates of West Point — where the 
physical training is so superb — marvelled enviously at the endurance- of the little brown 
men. 

 The Japanese call their system of physical 

 training jiu-jitsu. Literally interpreted, this 

^^means "muscle-breaking." The term is not 

wholly an apt one, as the reader will discover 

farther on. 

From. the earliest periods of antiquity that 
are recorded, even in the legendary "history" of 
Japan, there existed a minor class of nobles who 
corresponded very closely with the knights of 
feudal Europe. These men, who were known 
as the samurai, were the fighting men of the 
Empire. Each of the samurai carried two 
swords — ^his most precious possessions. Com- 

THE OLD-STYLE JAPANESE WRESTLER. 

The commoner. Height, 5 ft. 3 in. Weight, 280 lbs. 
Trained for the work from infancy. 

moners were not allowed any other weapons^ 
than sticks or stones. Naturally the caste of^ 
the samurai was rigidly preserved. Any member of the caste, man or woman, might marry 
with propriety into a family of the superior 
nobility. Any one who married beneath his 
caste was summarily degraded. 

Samurai rank went by heredity. Every son 
of a samurai, unless he disgraced himself, kept 
his caste and took up the profession of arms. 
The comparatively few weaklings among these 
people retained their caste but did not marry. 

In battle the samurai carried no weight other 
than their swords and the clothing they wore. 
The commoners, who went along as camp-followers, bore all the baggage. It was considered utterly undignified for a samurai to 
perform any toil outside of that connected 
with fighting, or with learning and preparing 
to fight. As a sequence it came about that 
the samurai spent much of their otherwise idle 
time in athletic exercises. 

Of course sword-play came first of all — 
scientific combat with long and short bamboo 
swords. Running, leaping, and wrestling also 

 

took up much of the time of the Japanese 
knights. Of course the active outdoor life, 
combined with frugal, sensible diet, made these 
samurai powerful men. 

But there was yet vastly more to come in 
the physical development of these little men. 
One bright fellow discovered that by pressing 
thumb or fingers against certain muscles or 
nerves momentary paralysis could be produced. He also discovered that by employing 
the hardened edge of his hand to strike a piece 
of bamboo at a certain angle of impact he could 
break the stick. If he could paralyse his own 
nerves and muscles, why not another's? If he 
could break a stick by a sharp blow with the 
edge of his hand, why could he not train himself in the same way to break the arm of a 
dangerous antagonist? And that was the beginning of the creation of the science oi jiujitsu. 

 \i it were possible to verify the guess, it 
would be interesting to speculate as to how 
the originator of jiu-jitsu made his first discovery. It is as likely as not that he started 
from an accidental bumping of his "funny- 

bone" — a mishap so familiar to children. 
That may have set him to wondering if there 
were not in the body other nerves and muscles 
that could be attacked. Probably one of the 
first additional discoveries was that very severe 
pain may be inflicted upon the upper arm. 
Take a point about midway between the elbow 
and the shoulder, of some one else's arm. 
Employ the grip in such a way that the fingers 
dig into the muscles behind the middle of the 
bone. The thumb's tip should press into the 
muscles over the front of the bone. Without 
in any way relaxing the grip, both fingers and 
thumb should be vigorously pressed over the 
parallel lines of muscles and nerves. Any experimenter can readily find on his own arm the 
exact locations of these muscles and nerves, 
and a little practice with a friend will teach him 
rapidly how to seize an antagonist's arm and 
to render that arm momentarily helpless. 

This is the starting-point of a study of jiujitsu. Any one, with a little investigation, 
may find points in the arms and legs at which 
very similar grips may be taken. Many of 
these will be described later on. Once the 

student has thoroughly caught the idea he 
may teach himself much. Both for purposes 
of self-defence and of increasing muscular 
strength it is necessary for the beginner to 
seek, at every possible opportunity, for parts 
of the body that are vulnerable to pain and 
paralysis when a proper grip is taken. The 
essential idea in this work may be gained from 
the arm trick just described. The student 
should familiarise himself so thoroughly with 
every vulnerable locality that he can seize it 
rapidly and unerringly. 

It is a principle of jiu-jitsu that a weaker 
man should be able to attack a stronger opponent, and to defeat him by the aid of the 
latter's own greater strength. A little practice 
with the arm pinch will convince any investigator that when his arm has been seized while 
in a relaxed muscular state the pain of his opponent's attack will increase as the one on the 
defensive raises his arm and tautens his muscles. 
When the student is suddenly attacked, and 
realises that he is sure to be worsted, it is better to surrender at once and thus escape additional pain. In very few of the Japanese 

e 
w 

 J 

tricks does the pain last after the opponents 
have separated. Tricks of self-defence or of 
attack that maim or cause enduring pain are 
employed only when severely threatened safety 
is at stake. Small wonder that the Japanese 
regard our boxing as brutal, and that they con 
sider their own the only gentlemanly method 
of fighting ! 

Of late years there has been much discussion 
as to the relative values, for defensive purposes, oi jiu-jitsu as compared with English or 
American boxing. Very likely a Japanese 
who entered the ring with a skilled American 
pugilist would be defeated — that is, if the little 
brown man donned the gloves and were compelled to fight according to ring rules. The 
American boxer would be much more easily 
vanquished if he were compelled to enter the 
arena and fight in accordance with jiu-jitsu 
rules. The samurai method is not adapted to 
combat with clenched fists encased in padded 
gloves. The Japanese work must be done withl 
the bare, and, usually, open hand. If a six-^ 
foot American boxer were to don gloves and 
enter into combat with a Japanese descendant 

8 Japanese Physical Training' 

of the samurai several inches shorter and of 
much less weight, and if each were to fight according to his own tactics, there could be but 
one result. If each were equally skilled in his 
own kind of work the "undersized Japanese 
would be the victor. 

As soon as the principle of the arm pinch is 
understood and has been applied, through investigation, to all parts of the body it is well 
for the student to take up the next important 
step in the system. Press the extended fingers 
of either hand together. Whether the thumb 
is raised or is pressed against the forefinger is 
a matter of no importance. Strike the lower 
edge of the hand against the knee, giving the 
outer side of the little finger as much of the 
work as the edge of the palm receives. It is 
important not to forget the exercise of the 
little finger, as, in a blow improperly struck 
with the edge of the hand, the little finger 
might be broken if it shared in the impact of a 
strenuous blow. 

This work of toughening the hand may be 
carried on at all times, and the importance of 
doing it should never be forgotten. One may 

do the work as well by repeatedly striking the 
edge of the hand against the wooden arm of 
a chair, or upon the surface of a desk. At the 
outset this work should be done with the lightest blows possible, and the force of the blow 
should be but very gradually increased as the 
weeks go by. Whenever the edge of the hand 
becomes lame it is a sure sign that this exercise 
is being too severely done. A fairly hard edge 
of the hand should not be expected within six 
months. A student who devotes a few minutes 
at a time to this hand work, on three or four 
occasions through the day, will find that a 
year's persistence will enable him to duplicate 
the Japanese performance of breaking a stick 
with the edge of the hand. Few of the feats 
of self-defence can be excellently performed 
until the hand has been thoroughly toughened 
by this and other exercises that will be described in a later chapter. 

In Japan every soldier, sailor, and policeman I 
is compelled to take a government course in 
jiu-jitsu. Now that the samurai have beeaJ 
abolished as the distinctive fighting class, and 
strenuous life is open to all of the Emperor's 

subjects, the science of jiu-jitsu has been 
thrown open to all comers — even to foreign 
visitors. 

It is a mistake made by many Caucasians 
to confound jiujitsu with Japanese wrestling. 
There is little or no resemblance between the 
two. The former was once the art of the 
aristocrat, the latter the substitute studied by 
the commoner. Japanese wrestlers begin their 
careers at the age of two or three years. The 
most likely looking baby boys are secured and 
are developed along lines of training that make 
them giants by the time they reach manhood. 
It is usual for the fully grown Japanese wrestler 
to attain a height of from two to four inches 
over six feet. In other words, he stands about a 
foot taller than the average of his countrymen. 

When jiu-jitsu came out of the obscurity of 
oath-bound secrecy the wrestlers became jealous 
of their laurels. The wrestlers had been always 
looked upon with awe by their smaller fellowcommoners. Some years ago a contest of 
the greatest interest took place in Tokio. The 
wrestlers brought forward their best man. The 
descendants of the samurai selected a man 

The History of "Jiu-jitsu n 

whom they considered a worthy representative 
of their art. The wrestler was to employ his 
own tactics, the man of the samurai to enjoy 
equal privileges along his own lines. Thousands of spectators assembled to witness the 
affair. At the signal the two men rushed at 
each other. In fifteen seconds, by the stopwatch, the wrestler lay on his back and admitted defeat. In a point of height there was 
something like a foot in favour of the commoner. He weighed twice as much as did his 
little opponent. 

From that memorable day the old style of 
wrestling has been on the decline in Japan. 
The wrestler still attracts some attention, but 
he has fallen to the level of the side-show performer. Some years ago a Japanese visited the 
United States and vanquished all comers among 
our champions. He was supposed to be a 
first-class Japanese wrestler. As a matter of 
fact, he was no more than valet to a Japanese 
wrestler of the second class. Had his employer 
come over in his servant's stead, our American 
wrestlers would have been much more surprised. Yet in Japan it is now admitted that 

a master of jiu-jitsu is the physical superior of 
a first-class wrestler who has many more inches 
of height and a great deal more of weight. 

That there may be no misconception that 
jiujitsu is nothing but a system of gymnastics 
and pugnacious tricks, it is well to state that 
this ancient science includes a thorough knowledge of anatomy, of diet, of the value of both 
external and internal hydropathy, of proper 
outdoor and indoor life and of all the other 
vital principles of right living. The whole 
really may be summed up in the last two words 
of the preceding sentence. 

All strength rests on the foundation of proper 
diet. In this important branch of living the 
Japanese are still far in advance of us. The 
Japanese soldiers, who were able to march 
cheerfully fifteen miles to every ten covered by 
our own Americans on the way to Peking, 
were supplied with nothing like the commissary stores given to our troops. The Japanese 
are frugal, sensible eaters. 

A HEALTHY STOMACH THE BASIS OF ALL 

STRENGTH— WHAT THE JAPANESE EAT 

IN SUMMER AND IN WINTER 

In the opinion of the samurai of old Japan 
the first step to the upbuilding of the physical 
body lay in the direction of choosing a sound^ 
sensible diet. This did not mean a diet iiij 
which meats and condiments figured largely. 
Unlike the Chinese, the Japanese seldom care51 
for meat, even when they could well afford it/ 
In fact, meat has but little vogue among the 
natives of Japan to-day. 

In 1899 the Emperor appointed a commission 
to investigate for determination as to whether 
it would be advisable to take steps that would 
bring about taller and bulkier physique among 
his subjects. The Japanese are notably smaller 
than their brethren of Europe and of America; 
and the Emperor had a passing notion that his 

race might be improved through attainment to 
greater size. One of the questions that his 
Majesty propounded to the commission was as 
to whether the successful encouragement of a 
partial meat diet would be of advantage. The 
report of the commission, when its long and 
arduous labours had been completed, was to the 
effect that no material advantage could result 
from increase in height or weight. So far as 
meat diet went, the commission reported that 
the Japanese had always managed to do without it, and that their powers of endurance and 
their athletic prowess exceeded those of any of 
/the Caucasian races. Japan's diet stands on a 
I foundation of rice. This is prepared either by 
\^oiling or by steaming. This grain, as it is prepared by a Japanese housewife, bears no resemblance to the sodden mess that is placed 
occasionally on American tables. The grain 
comes to the table — which, in Japan, is usually 
the floor — soft, steaming, and a palatable food 
that requires no condiments to make it highly 
acceptable to the stomach. When the rice is 
boiled it is never stirred. When the rice is 
steamed it of course requires no stirring. Of 

late years an attempt has been made to introduce white wheat flour into Japan. While a 
few of the natives have added this to their diet" 1 
wheat flour is still unpopular. The JapaneseJ 
find rice more palatable, more healthful, and 
productive of greater strength and energy. 
When these little people crave something in the 
semblance of bread or cake they make most delicious little "pats with rice flour as the basis. 
In one form or another rice fends its way to 
the Japanese table — or floor — at every meal. 
Of late years potatoes have found their way] 
into Japan. These tubers are to be found in! 
the markets of all the large cities, but if the 
Japanese eat them at all they do so mainly as 
a matter of curiosity. Rice still continues to 
take the place of white wheat flour and of potatoes. It is the essential thing in the diet of 
the people of the "Land of the Rising Sun." 
When making their phenomenal marches Japanese troops often carry no food except a small 
bag of rice. When practicable, barley ancT^ 
beans are issued in small quantities, though 
this is done only for the sake of adding variety 
to the diet. A small handful of rice thrown 

into boiling water over the camp-fire furnishes 
/^a meal that gives ideal nourishment — that is, 
 the sustenance that brings endurance without 
reaction. 

A traveller approaching the Japanese coast 

will see so many junks that he cannot be 

blamed for concluding that every family in the 

Empire must own at least one of these odd, 

serviceable craft. There is not a point along 

the inhabited coast where a fleet of junks is 

not to be seen. One globe-trotting wag of a 

 naturalist has declared that in the Japanese 

 waters there are forty thousand varieties of 

 fish, all but three kinds of which are edible. 

He added that there are something more than 

j forty thousand ways of preparing these fish. 

j There are nowhere in the world such prolific 

fishing-grounds as are to be found around the 

j shores of Japan. The fish are caught in such 

numbers, and with so little difficulty, that nat- 

 urally they form an important item in the 

(Japanese diet and apparently with the best 

of results. 

/^"V'ery often the fish is served raw, either in a 
(natural state or in very mild pickle. When 

the fish are boiled no condiment but salt is| 
used. Broiled fish is not often met with, but 
in the wealthier families it is served with a 
dressing of melted butter. By far the commonest way of preparing fish is first to dry it, 
and then to boil it with a httle salt. Dried 
fish is served, either with or without boiling, 
over rice. A bowl of this grain and a handful 
of fish is considered an ample meal for the 
coolie who is called upon to perform ten or 
twelve hours of hard^ manual toil in a day. 

Vegetables and fruits form a most important"! 
part in the diet of the Japanese. While ricev 
comes first of all in their estimate of nourishing 
properties, vegetables play a second part, with A 
fish a good third, and fruit fourth in the scale. 
With the exception of potatoes the Japanese 
have an abundance of all the vegetables that 
grow in the United States. They are fond of 
lettuce, and especially so at night, their claim 
being that these green leaves serve excel 
lently as a sedative to the nerves. As nervous 
disorders are seldom encountered among these 
little people, their claim is entitled to some respect. Tomatoes and carrots are held in high^ 

esteem, and although the Japanese are undoubtedly the most polite people in the world, 
few of them let a week go by without eating 
two or three dishes of sliced raw onions. There 
are some features of the Japanese cuisine that 
are sure to seem odd to American housewives. 
While onions are never served in the cooked 
state — as the Japanese contend that heat destroys their food value — cucumbers are boiled 
and served hot. Radishes are boiled and 
offered in a very mild pickle. Celery is served 
in this same way. Fruit is not often seen at 
table. It is eaten generally between meals. 

Upon first acquaintance a Caucasian who 
glories in his "three square meals is not likely 
to be satisfied with the meals that are served 
in a Japanese house. A very good idea of the 
ordinary diet of a Japanese labourer may be 
gained from the conversation the writer had 
with a native coal-heaver while visiting a ship 
in Nagasaki harbor. A coal lighter lay alongside. Native men, women, boys, and girls 
were working like beavers. The coal was 
shovelled into baskets, the weight of these 
loaded baskets running anywhere from thirty 

to fifty pounds. These baskets were passed up 
through an open port, the Japanese standing 
close enough to each other to toss and catch 
the baskets, which in this manner arrived at 
their destination in the ship's bunkers. From 
the chattering and laughter of the heavers one 
would have fancied that it was all play — but it 
was downright hard work. At noon word was 
passed, and all the heavers of both sexes and 
of all ages clustered on the deck of the lighter. 
Accompanied by a Japanese friend, I crossed 
the plank to the coal-laden craft. None of the 
labourers resented my very evident curiosity 
as to their noonday hour. Few had begun to 
eat. Approaching one stalwart-looking little 
man whom I had already picked out as the 
Oriental Hercules of the crowd, I asked 

"Have you no food?" 

 Oh, yes, he answered smilingly, and held 
up a little fragment of dingy blue cloth in 
which something was wrapped. He opened 
the bundle to display his noonday meal — an 
apple, a tomato, and an onion. 

"Is that all you have to eat? I asked. 

"Why, yes," came his reply. "I would not 

care to eat more just now. I have five hours 
more of work to do this afternoon. 

"How about your friends here? Have they 
brought no more to eat than you have done? 

"Perhaps," came the smiling, shrugging response. "They will show you." 

A woman near by had in a little tin something like three heaping tablespoonfuls of 
cooked rice. Another produced from her 
bundle two raw tomatoes and a thin rice cake 
of a diameter of a little more than two inches. 
A child had two similar rice cakes and an apple. 
And this gives a very fair idea of what these 
hard-working people found sufficiently nourishing food on which to do five hours more work 
of coal-passing. Returning to the man whom 
I had first questioned I inquired 

"What did you eat for breakfast this morning?" 

"Oh, something very nice — a bowl of rice 
with a few little strips of dried fish." 

"And what will you eat to-night, when your 
day's work is done? 

"I do not know. That is for my wife to 
say. Probably she will give me some boiled 

fresh fish, some lettuce, tomatoes, onions, and 
cucumbers or radishes. But it will be dark 
before we reach home, for as soon as we leave 
here we shall go to one of the baths. You 
know we people who handle coal all day long 
must be very dirty at night," 

I inquired of the man if there was not something I could get him from the ship. He replied that he would be very glad to have some 
water, and handed me a bucket in which to 
bring it. I returned to the lighter with distilled water that had passed through an icepacked "worm." My man thanked me, took 
a sip of the water, and spat it overboard. 

"Too cold," he remarked. "I will set it in 
the sun for a little while." 

That same evening I had the good fortune 
to be invited with my native friend to the 
house of a well-to-do and liberal Japanese merchant. My host, his wife, two sons and a 
daughter, my friend and myself, seated ourselves in a circle on the floor, while three trim 
little maids set out before us the evening meal. 
Just as nearly as I can remember it to-day the 
menu of the repast ran as follows 

First, a bowl of fragrant tea. The tea was 
renewed through the meal as often as a bowlful 
had been consumed. The first dish consisted 
of a rather tiny bowl of fish chowder. Then 
came rice, with more fish. With this were 
served lettuce, tomatoes, and onions, accompanied by boiled cucumbers and celery. A 
little dish of chopped raw carrot came to each 
guest. A small dish of some preserved fruit 
was served with dessert, and, with this, wellbrowned cakes of rice flour. Still more tea 
was brought on, and the men lighted cigarettes. 

Fearing that my Caucasian tastes in food 
might not be satisfied, the host asked, early in 
the progress of the meal, if he should not send 
one of his people to the hotel for a steak or a 
cut of roast beef. But the meal was so dainty 
and appetising that to have tainted it with 
meat would have seemed like a desecration. 

It will be noted in Japan that milk is seldom 
found in the diet. For this there is a very 
good reason. The people so seldom use meat 
that there is no profit in keeping cows. Butter 
is often met with, but this is usually tinned 
butter imported from the United States or 

from Australia. Practically the only difference 
between winter and summer diets is that in the 
former the food is used to obtain heat, hence 
more fish is used in winter. Rice is more frequently served in baked or toasted cakes. The 
fruits are dried for winter use. Hard-boiled 
eggs are much eaten as heating food. The"! 
amount of food is slightly increased in winterj 
but at first the beef-eating Caucasian would 
find any Japanese meal too light. The Japart^ 
ese believe that at all seasons we eat too much, 
give the stomach too much work to do, and 
therefore cannot develop the utmost strength^. 
Undoubtedly they are right; at least they 
have proved the value of their own system of 
feeding. 

Meat is not used as a heating food even in 
the coldest days of winter. Neither are potatoes. The Japanese do not heat their houses. 
If they are cold they dress to meet the requirements of the outside weather. On rare occasions they light kibachi. These are little 
charcoal stoves that do not add greatly to the 
heat of a room, and are used principally as a 
means of lighting pipes or cigarettes. The 

Japanese do not believe in artificial, external 
heat as a means to health in cold weather. 

Here are sample menus of the food eaten by 
a healthy adult person in a Japanese family 
where the cost of living is not a troublesome 
consideration 

SUMMER 

Breakfast. — Fruit, a bowl of rice, a small 
portion of cooked fresh fish, and a bowl of tea. 

Luncheon. — Very often nothing is eaten but 
fruit, sometimes augmented by a very little 
rice; or vegetables in small quantity, either 
alone or with a little rice are taken. 

Dinner. — Rice with fresh fish, and two or 
three vegetables, such as tomatoes, onions, 
carrots, radishes, celery, lettuce, turnips, cabbage (raw), and spinach either uncooked or 
boiled. Tea, of course, is part of the meal. 

WINTER 

Breakfast. — Rice with fresh fish, or more 
often with dried fish; possibly a hard-boiled 
egg or two, and browned rice cakes, with tea. 
Dried fruits, either uncooked or stewed are 
often served. 

Luncheon. — Rice cakes or boiled rice, with 
stewed fruit and tea. 

Dinner. — Boiled rice and fish, stewed dried 
fruit, hard-boiled eggs, more rice cakes and 
tea. 

This is the diet of the Japanese — the kind of 
food that kept the samurai in the best of 
health, in phenomenal strength, and with 
muscles that defied strains that would be appalling to the average Caucasian. If any 
hearty eater among the white races believes 
such a diet would prove weakening, let him try 
it for a few weeks, and he will discover that 
his strength is on the increase. Such stomach 
troubles as indigestion will have disappeared. 
The man who goes to Japan with a dyspepsia 
cure, unless he can find trade enough among 
the foreign residents, is sure to fail. 

Since all strength must come primarily from 
the stomach, the Japanese teacher of jiu-jitsu 
soon loses all patience with a pupil who is not 
willing to follow the diet that will give the 
most force and best tone to his system. This 
the Japanese diet unquestionably does. 

FEATS THAT STRENGTHEN THE HEART AND 
LUNGS — WORK THAT BRINGS THE ARMS 
TO A CONDITION OF MAGNIFICENT DE- 
VELOPMENT 

Once the health of the stomach is assured, 
or is even conscientiously undertaken, the next 
step of importance is to do everything possible 
to develop the heart and lungs — for how can 
one hope to develop" into the best type of 
athlete if these two latter organs are not as 
strong as they should be? 

For training the lungs deep breathing is 
the finest thing taught in the jiu-jitsu school. 
Deep breathing means that the breath must 
be drawn in so far that the lowest muscles of 
the abdomen move vigorously at every inhalation and exhalation. The ancient samurai was 
accustomed to going out into the open air as 
soon as he rose in the morning. There he 

devoted at least ten or fifteen minutes to continued deep breathing, standing with his hands 
on his hips in order that he might feel the play 
of the muscles. 

Then there came a second step in breathing. 
This consisted of deep breathing in such fashion 
that the muscles just over the hips expanded 
at the sides like bellows, while the shoulders 
did not rise a fraction of an inch with inhalation. This second exercise is the more valuable in breathing work, but it cannot be readily 
mastered until the first essential idea of breathing as deeply as possible at each inhalation is 
understood. Deep breathing is practised by 
the dumb animals, as may be ascertained by 
watching the play of the muscles along the 
belly of a cow or a horse when walking. Savages who possess a fairly high type of physical 
development breathe deeply and properly. 
Civilised man is in danger of losing the art. 

Deep breathing should be practised not to 
the point of fatigue at first, yet so constantly 
that after a while it will become an unconscious 
habit. Even when this is the case, ten minutes 
on rising in the morning should be devoted to 

especially applied effort along this line, and 
the same amount of time just before retiring 
at night. In the Jiu-jitsu schools of Japan the 
student, even when he has acquired the right 
method of breathing, is obliged to devote a 
few minutes at the beginning of the lesson to 
deep breathing, closing the lesson in the same 
way. Beyond this and exercise little is needed 
to make a normal pair of lungs reach their 
highest perfection. 

Nor is the proper development of the heart 
of much greater difificulty. Assuming that the 
stomach is in good condition from right diet, 
and that the lungs are acting properly on account of deep breathing, the heart has made an 
excellent start. In all exercises care must be 
taken that the heart is not made to palpitate 
severely. Should there be undue uneasiness 
around the heart, the Japanese instructor, after 
listening to its sounds, orders the student to 
lie flat on his back, with arms and legs extended — the arms at right angles with the sides 
of the body, and the feet as far apart as they 
may be placed with comfort. In this position 
the sufferer breathes gently but deeply, with 

THE STRUGGLE. 
One of the most important Japanese exercises for the development of the entire body. 

the result that the heart is soon in normal condition. Even then, for a few minutes more 
the student continues in that position. When 
he has advanced farther in his course he has 
learned not to overtax the heart. Eventually 
he strengthens the heart to such a degree that 
there are few kinds of physical tasks that can 
trouble his heart in the least. 

One of the first exercises to be taken up is 
one that should be practised daily as long as 
the study of jiu-jitsu is continued. This task 
is known among the Japanese as "The Struggle." The two opponents stand face to face, 
stretch out their arms laterally and clasp hands 
with palm to palm and fingers interlaced. Each 
falls forward, placing his chest against his antagonist's, feet as far back as possible, so that 
the body is in a slanting position, and at the 
same time with the feet spread as far apart as 
possible. In this attitude the opponents begin 
to struggle, each striving as hard as he can to 
press his chest so forcefully against the other's 
as to drive him back. Victory belongs to the 
man who can gradually force his adversary 
from the middle of the room to the wall. Out 

of doors the same feat can be practised by 
starting at a middle line, with "goal" lines 
drawn in the soil behind each contestant. 

Just how much of this strenuous exercise is 
beneficial must be left largely to the judgment 
of those engaged in it, always bearing in mind 
what has been said above about not overtaxing 
the heart to the point of severe palpitation. At 
the outset, not more than three or four struggles per day are to be recommended, nor 
should any one "struggle" last, at first, more 
than two minutes. There will come a time, 
when, \i jiu-jitsu is faithfully kept up, two welldeveloped and equally matched opponents can 
struggle for twenty consecutive minutes without either gaining material advantage. At 
first not so much attention should be given to 
victory as to the training of the muscles. If 
one of the students is decidedly the superior 
of the other in strength, then the stronger one 
should offer just enough resistance to continue 
the "struggle," and should allow the weaker 
contestant to slowly gain the victory once in a 
while. No exercise known in jiu-jitsu will do 
more than this one for gradually toughening all 

WRIST-TO-WRIST RESISTANT EXERCISE. 

the muscles of the body. Yet when practised 
in moderation the main benefit goes to the 
heart and lungs. 

Just as soon as the "struggle" has been 
mastered, arm exercises are given. These are 
many and varied in fact, all exercises that involve the use of the hands belong to this class. 
The arm should be developed in sections, and 
all of the exercises that are to be described in 
this chapter should be taken in the same lesson. 

First of all, let the antagonists stand facing 
each other in such attitude that the right arm 
of one is opposite the right arm of the other. 
Now let each take a short step to the left, extending right arms at the side so that the 
clenched fists are a little below the hip. Let 
each antagonist press the inside of his wrist 
against the inside of his opponent's wrist. 
The arms must be held rigid, with all the 
muscles tense. Now let one of the opponents 
begin slowly to swerve his man around. The 
assailant will have to take a few short steps as 
he slowly succeeds. The man on the defensive 
will have to move his feet a trifle, but should 
be as pivotal as possible. The one who is 

being moved should resist just enough barely 
to avoid defeating his adversary. 

As soon as the one on the defensive has been 
swung around as far as can be done without 
radically changing the position of his feet, a 
moment's breath should be taken, and then the 
one lately on the defensive should swerve his 
late assailant back to where the affair started. 

Care must be taken at all times to keep the 
arms rigid and the muscles tense. The combatant who is being moved must employ all 
the resistance that can be used without defeating the attack. If this exercise is to be of value 
these points cannot be too thoroughly impressed. One of the illustrations of this volume shows the correct attitude for the wrist 
work, and gives a good idea of all of the arm 
work. 

In the arm work there is some danger of 
overtaxing the heart and lungs, but this cannot happen if the exercisers rest at the first 
signs of palpitation or panting. Never go past 
these danger signals ! After the preliminary 
training has produced great physical endurance, 
these symptoms rarely, if ever, will appear. 

Now comes the next step in the proper development of the arms. The opponents should 
stand in the same attitude as that employed in 
the wrist exercises. This time the opposing 
forearms are crossed halfway between the wrist 
and elbow, and the same kind of work is performed. When this has been done two or 
three times, the antagonists should cross arms 
at the elbows. Usually, in this work, the arms 
should be held rigidly straight, but at times it 
will be found of advantage to "hook elbows, 
with the arms somewhat bent. Afterwards try 
the same exercise with the arms crossed midway between elbow and shoulder. Last of all, 
 hook shoulders together, and swing around 
in the same fashion. Care should be taken not 
to develop the right arm at the expense of the 
left. There is another danger in this arm work 
that must be carefully avoided. The average 
student finds the lower-arm work more pleasant 
than the upper-arm work. He will develop 
magnificent muscles in the lower arms while 
failing to exercise the upper arms sufficiently 
for the needs of physique. The Japanese student oi jiu-jitsu is taught to keep hard at work 

on exercises for the upper arm. Yet great 
"bumps" of muscle on the upper arm are not 
desired. The best play of effective muscle, as 
is shown in one of the accompanying photographs, is found just over the bend of the 
upper side of the elbow. 

While the preceding exercises necessarily 
must be used by two students, working together 
there is another form of arm work that may 
be practised by one. After a few deep breaths, 
stand erect, with the arms held slantingly forward, so that the clenched fists are just below 
the waist-line. Strain the arms to the utmost 
tension, all the while increasing the clenching 
pressure of the fists. Slowly raise the arms 
before the body. While so doing, resist the 
upward movement of the arms as much as may 
be done without defeating the raising of the 
arms. In other words, make the arms go up, 
yet resist as much as possible by downward 
pressure. This little trick of physical training, 
borrowed from the Japanese, is the foundation s| 
of one of the best -known and most successful 
systems used in this country to-day. The 
only fault to be found with the American adap- 

j 

 

 

 
 

m 

RESISTANT WRIST EXERCISE, AS PRACTISED BY ONE PERSON. 

tation just referred to is that it does not go far 
enough to embrace all of the Japanese ways of 
increasing muscle, strength, heart, and lung 
action. 

Having acquired the principle of these resistant exercises, raise the arms, held straight 
before the shoulders, slowly from in front to a 
position where the tightly clenched fists are 
just over the head. Take two or three deep 
breaths, then lower the arms to starting position. On the downward movement, resist by 
a counter-pressure upward, allowing the arms 
to reach the starting position only after a 
struggle. After a little deep breathing, hold 
the arms slantingly at the sides, at the same 
position below the hips as in the other exercises. The fists, of course, must be tightly 
clenched, as before. Raise in the same manner 
to a position over the head. Take two or 
three breaths and then lower the fists to the 
starting position along the same lines of resistant work. None of these resistant exercises 
for the arms can injure the heart unless taken 
with extreme immoderation. Palpitation or 
panting will give the warning signal far ahead 

of the danger-point. After some weeks of 
faithful practice the student will find that both 
heart and lungs have been greatly strengthened, 
and that his endurance under arm strain will be 
little short of marvellous. 

Yet in order to make this work effective, the 
student should never forget the principle of 
constantly employing resistance to the upward 
or the downward movement of the arms. At 
the outset, two upward and two downward 
movements of the arms from in front, and the 
same number at the sides, should be sufficient 
for the morning and for the evening work. 
The beginner's own intelligence should teach 
him how to increase this work as time goes on. 
A Japanese who has been under instruction in 
jiu-jitsu for three months is able to keep up 
these arm exercises for fifteen minutes at a 
time, and without the slightest feeling of 
fatigue. Even from four to six weeks will 
convince any persistent investigator that the 
arms may be built up to the point of superb 
strength without resort to the Indian clubs and 
dumb-bells that were unknown in ancient 
Japan. But the fact should never be lost sight 

of that the deep breathing is as essential as is 
the resistance of the muscles. 

There is another kind of arm work at which 
the Japanese student spends much of his time 
in the preliminary stages of his instruction. 
As these exercises tire the arm, until it has 
been brought up to its proper state of development, they should be taken, at first, with the 
greatest care not to overtax the muscles. By 
degrees the student learns how much he can 
endure, and, what is more important, the 
amount of this sort of exercise that he can 
take from week to week. 

First of all, the young man is taught to stand 
erect with his arms held parallel in front, his 
clenched fists a little below the line of his hips. 
After making the muscles tense he slowly 
moves his fists from side to side with a twisting 
motion of the wrists, and this motion should 
be made so that the movement is felt all the 
way up to the shoulder. After rest, with deep 
breathing, the arms are held extended sideways just on a level with the shoulder. The 
clenched fists are turned as far as they will go 
in either direction, the same care being taken 

as before that all the muscles up to the shoulders are put in motion. Next, the arms are extended in front, in horizontal, parallel position, 
and the same work is executed. After that the 
exercise is done with the arms above the head, 
and then with the arms held behind the back 
in as near a parallel position as can be had, and 
with the clenched fists just below the hip-line. 
These exercises, if persisted in, will give any 
man of normal strength arms that are magnificent from the standpoint of physical culture. 

There are other exercises for the arms that 
can be originated by any student to his advantage. Japanese young men, while attending 
jiu-jitsu schools, are encouraged to find out as 
much for themselves as is possible. While the 
arm exercises already described comprise all 
that Japanese instructors consider necessary, 
modifications of these gymnastics are devised 
by intelligent learners with a view to giving 
the utmost variety to the work. Any work 
that employs the muscles of the wrist, forearm, 
upper arm, or shoulder is of advantage — always 
provided that there is no undue fatigue of the 
muscles, and no palpitation or panting. The 

hand is exercised by a rapid closing and opening of the fingers, the thumb at the instant of 
closing passing over the second and third fingers. In this work it is best to hold the arms 
out horizontally before the body, although it 
is sometimes of advantage to hold the arms in 
the other positions indicated in the foregoing 
descriptions of arm exercises. 

Another form of hand work that is much 
employed consists of clasping the hands just 
before the waist. The fingers are tightly interlaced, with the left thumb crossing the right. 
The right hand is made to turn the left hand 
over as far as possible, and with a severe 
wrench. Then the left hand retaliates upon 
the right. All depends upon the tightness of 
the grip. The wrists are benefited almost as 
much as are the hands. The forearm receives 
some strengthening, while the muscles all the 
way up to the shoulder are developed in 
gradually decreasing degrees. 

Of benefit to the hands and wrists; and, incidentally, to the arms, is the feat performed with 
the aid of a short bamboo pole. Any stout 
stick will answer the same purpose. The man 

on the defence grasps the stick before him with 
the hands about two feet and a half apart. 
The assailant takes hold with both hands just 
inside of his opponent's. Then a struggle 
follows for the possession of the stick. Every 
part of the body is brought into play. If one 
antagonist is much stronger than the other it 
is not necessary for him to take the stick away. 
It is sufficient for him to prevent himself from 
being defeated. After the work has been continued until the contestants are reasonably 
fatigued, rest follows. The man who has been 
trying to hold the stick places his hands inside 
the other's and struggles for possession. 

Not before all these preliminary exercises 
have been shown and understood does the 
Japanese student of jiu-jitsu pass on to the 
back-to-back task. This feat is the natural 
complement of the "struggle" already described. The two men stand with their backs 
together. The arms are extended at the sides 
so that the hands are about on a level with the 
waist-line. The hands are then clasped so that 
the adversaries' fingers are tightly interlaced, 
with the backs of the hands opposing. One of 

BACK-TO-BACK WORK. 

The complement of The Struggle." A splendid way of developing the back muscles 
and other muscles of the body. 

the men bends forward in such a manner as to 
lift the other off his feet, and holds him clear 
of the ground as long as possible. To hold 
one's companion off his feet in this manner for 
a period of ten seconds is all that should be 
striven for at first. In time it becomes possible 
to hold an antagonist free of the ground for 
the space of at least a full minute. A graduate 
in jiu-jitsu could easily carry a companion in 
this position for a distance equal to that of the 
length of several of our city blocks. 

At the outset, especially, not all of the tasks 
already described can be undertaken in a single 
practice bout. The exercises should be taken 
in rotation, and with a view to giving equal 
strain and development to all parts. No instructor of jiu-jitsu will allow his student to 
benefit one portion of the body at the expense 
of another. When the American learner in 
jiu-jitsu begins, it will be well for him to note 
the amount of exertion he can endure in each 
one of the exercises, the length of time required for the work and for the intermediate 
breathing, and on this basis he can formulate 
a schedule that will show him exactly the 

amount of time he should devote daily to each 
feat and to the aggregation of feats to be attempted in a single day's work. 

As the muscles, lungs, and heart become 
gradually toughened, the beginner, if he uses 
the discretion that has been indicated, will 
lengthen the period of his practice bouts. The 
Japanese takes all of his instruction in one 
daily lesson at the school. In the rush of 
American life the Occidental may find it to his 
advantage to divide practice into halves, one 
for the morning and one for the late afternoon 
or early evening. 

EXERCISES THAT DEVELOP THE LEGS — THE 
INCIDENTAL BENEFIT TO THE ARMS 

While the development of the portion of 
the body from the waist to the shoulders, 
and including, of course, the rigorous training of the arms, is considered by Japanese 
trainers as being of prime importance, only 
a few days are spent in the jiu-jitsu school 
before the student is taught how to strengthen 
his legs. 

In the leg exercises, as in the arm work, the 
resistant principle is the one employed. In 
all feats the man who is "attacked yields 
gradually to the pressure of his "assailant." 
It matters not which of the contestants is the 
stronger the one on the defensive should yield 
by degrees, yet with such reluctance that all 
the muscles put into play by either of the 
antagonists are thoroughly exercised, and as 

severely used as may be done without causing 
any physical distress to either. 

First of all of the leg exercises directed in 
the average jiu-jitsu school is the one now to 
be described. The contestants seat themselves 
on the floor, or on the ground, facing each 
other. The legs are extended forward. The 
trunk of the body is erect, with the palms of 
the hands pressed against the ground or floor. 
In this work much support must come from 
the hands and arms. One man places the flat 
of his right foot against the flat of the other's 
left foot. At the start the heels of both rest 
upon the floor. Next, very slowly, each man 
raises the engaged foot as high as possible. 
All the while the greatest pressure possible is 
maintained. 

It is the object of each contestant to apply 
the pressure of his own foot to such an extent 
that he forces his adversary over on his back. 
At the outset it is much better to use this work 
along purely resistant lines, allowing each to 
gain the victory in turn. After a while this 
sport — for such it becomes — may be varied, 
when the strength of the contestants is about 

equal, by actual contests to determine which 
can force the other to his back. While this 
work may be done satisfactorily with gymnasium shoes on the engaged feet, it is usual 
for the Japanese to do it in their stocking-feet. 

Neither the old Japanese samurai, nor their 
descendants of to-day, believed in any superiority of one side of the body over the 
other. The left arm and left leg receive as 
careful attention as do the limbs of the right 
side. 

Next in order comes the feat in which the 
opponents seat themselves on the floor in the 
same position as in the last exercise. In this 
instance, however, the ankles of the two right 
feet, or of the two left feet of the men are 
pressed against each other on the inside of the 
leg. Braced by the supporting hands and 
arms, as in the last task, the men slowly raise 
the engaged feet. When the feet have been 
raised to the highest point at which the men 
can comfortably sustain themselves one antagonist tries to throw his opponent on to his 
side. At first this work should be thoroughly 
resistant, with no effort in the way of muscular 

competition. One opponent, and then the 
other, should be allowed the victory, though 
not without fairly stubborn resistance from the 
one on the defensive. In time it will be found 
well to gain variety by occasionally making this 
feat a rigid test of strength and of endurance. 

When these ankle exercises have been practised and mastered, the two exercises that follow in th.& Jiu-jitsu course are easily understood. 
In the next work the contact is the same, except that the insides of the forelegs, halfway 
between ankle and knee, are brought into contact. The same manceuvres as in the ankle 
work are employed. After that the knees are 
brought together, and contest ensues in like 
fashion. 

When the upper leg is to be strengthened 
one of the best of the Japanese exercises is 
based on the struggle already described. 
The opponents, with arms extended horizontally sideways, clasp hands as in the "struggle." But in this instance neither chests nor 
abdomens should be in contact. If the work 
is undertaken for the benefit of the right leg 
each contestant stands with his right side op- 

posite, and nearly on a line with, the right side 
of the other. Then the right leg of each is 
crossed on the inside as high up as possible. 
One adversary tries either to swing the other 
around to the left, or else to place him upon 
his back. While the arms and hands must be 
employed to some extent, the greatest pressure 
should not be exerted there. The object of 
the work is to develop the upper leg; and 
when all of the muscles of the upper leg are not 
brought into play so thoroughly that both students are aware of the muscular tension, then 
the exercise has not been properly performed. 
This is one of the feats of jiu-jitsu most difficult of comprehension by the average student. 
Perhaps for this reason, and certainly because 
of its importance, the exercise should be persevered in until the learner discovers that the 
muscles of the upper leg have been greatly 
strengthened. 

In a later chapter, wherein aggressive tricks 
of combat are described, will be found a description of the manner in which a foe is defeated by seizing the lapels of the coat and 
bringing the sleeves down close to the elbows. 

This performance is employed before the 
"fighting stage of jiu-jitsu is reached by the 
Japanese student. It is extremely useful in 
the development of the back of the upper leg, 
but almost equally so in the hardening of the 
other muscles of the body. 

When the coat-sleeves have been brought 
down to a point just above the elbows throw 
the left side of the body against the left side 
of the opponent's body. Press the back of 
the left leg against the back of the adversary's 
left leg. The point of contact should be as 
close to the top of the leg of each man as is 
possible. The man who is attacking should 
try to bend his victim gradually backward to 
the floor. In this work it will be found that 
every important muscle of the engaged left 
legs of the opponents undergoes a developing 
strain. The right leg should be exercised in 
the same manner. To some extent other 
portions of the body, and especially the arms, 
are aided. 

At first, it is needful only to follow the foregoing suggestions. Later on, the Japanese student is taught, when on the defensive, to bend 

his man so far backward that the fall to the 
floor is all but accomplished. Then the assailant must bring his victim back to an erect 
position through the aid of a quick upward 
jerk. In the beginning these two are the only 
tricks taught in this branch of the work. When 
instruction in fighting tricks commences, the 
opposing students are required to make tests 
of agility. The one who succeeds in lowering 
the other's coat-sleeves is required to throw 
his man to the ground, and to fall upon him, 
with the knee pressing against the victim's 
solar plexus. 

Rowing is an accomplishment of comparatively recent date among the Japanese, but the 
samurai 's descendants have taken to it with a 
vim. It may be considered, therefore, as an 
important addition to the Japanese methods of 
physical training. This sport will surely increase the general bodily strength of the most 
ardent Occidental disciple of the ancient physical science of Dai Nippon. Swimming has been 
ever a favourite sport with the Japanese. 

Only a very few trials of the leg exercises 
described in this chapter are needed to show 

the beginner that, with some important variations, the work used for bringing the lower 
limbs to their highest pitch of strength and 
endurance is identical with that employed in 
making the limbs all that they should be in a 
thoroughly normal man or woman. In addition it will be discovered that all of the exercises for the leg bring the arm more or less into 
play. 

There is one important phase of leg culture 
that is understood all the world over — walking ! Our little brown friends of the Orient 
contend that there cannot be sufificient strength 
of the legs unless a few miles a day are made 
on foot. But they also contend that the resistant leg exercises are just as absolutely 
necessary to the development of a pair of legs 
that will stand the strain of what Occidentals 
would call more than normal work. Students 
in Japanese schools make frequent and long 
pilgrimages on foot to shrines and other points 
of historic interest. These journeys require 
many days of tramping. With their established record of superiority over all the men of 
other nations in marching, the Japanese sol- 

diers — all of whom are trained in jiu-jitsu — 
have proved abundantly the great value of the 
resistant exercises with the legs. 

It is at this stage that the Japanese student 
halts, so far as further instruction is concerned, 
for a considerable time. The exercises that 
have been suggested so far are considered 
as being sufficient in scope for the first few 
months of training. When the learner withdraws for rest to the side of the room, and as 
soon as his respiration is natural, he is advised 
to practise the exercise already explained for 
hardening the lower edge of the hand — not 
forgetting that the little finger should share in 
this. After this, if still waiting for the attention of his instructor, he practises those of the 
resistant hand, wrist, and arm exercises that 
may be used without an opponent. 

It may be noted by the reader that the system of jiu-jitsu does not contain any specific 
exercises for the waist -line or for the abdomen. 
In the first place, the use of proper diet helps 
greatly to keep both abdomen and waist-line 
at their proper measurements. Nearly all of 
the exercises give added help. In the very 

few instances where it is necessary to reduce 
abdominal or waist-line measurements the student is ordered to stand erect, with hands 
placed over the hips, thumbs toward the back. 
Now he must bend rapidly forward as far as he 
can without bending the knees. He must recover to erect position just as rapidly. This 
is repeated until several movements have been 
executed. After an interval of deep breathing 
he bends in the same manner to the right then 
to the left at last he bends as far backward as 
possible, and recovers in the same manner as in 
the other exercises. None of these manoeuvres 
should be repeated, at first, more than a few 
times. Deep breathing is expected to take 
place every time that the direction of bending 
is changed. 

THE VALUE OF EVEN TEMPER IN ATHLETICS 

— SOME OF THE FEATS THAT REQUIRE 

GOOD NATURE 

In the writer's opinion it becomes necessary 
to make at this point some suggestions relative 
to a very important part of the training in_;V«jitsu. Good nature is as essential to health 
and to truly successful athletic work as it is to 
any other phases of well-being in life. 

When native students enter di jiu-jitsu school 
in Japan it is hardly necessary for the teacher 
to inquire as to the good temper of his applicants. The Japanese are noted for possessing 
the sweetest dispositions to be found anywhere 
in the world. Politeness and good nature 
seem inborn with the Japanese baby. As time 
goes on, and the child reaches adult age, kindly 
disposition appears to have increased in geometrical ratio. When a Caucasian applies for 

physical training under a Japanese teacher he 
is required to furnish satisfactory proof as to 
the evenness of his disposition. Even after 
he has been admitted to the school, if the 
white man shows too great a tendency to sudden anger he is politely requested to seek instruction elsewhere. 

Jiu-jitsu is not a science to be entrusted to 
the keeping of the ugly. There are too many 
tricks that are dangerous to limb or life. Many 
of the feats, if carried to extremes, will result 
in broken bones. There are no less than six 
blows known to native practisers of the art 
that will cause death. Although the author 
has been taught these fatal blows, for obvious 
reasons he will not explain them. When the 
reader passes on to descriptions of arm grips, 
leg tackles, throttlings, and holds in which a 
grip at the small of the back is employed, he 
should remember, when practising, to be at all 
times careful not to use these tactics with more 
force than is necessary for strengthening the 
muscles of both antagonists and for acquiring 
the victory. 

When first starting in with the work it is 

always well for the opponents to arrange in 
advance who is to secure the victory. Then 
the one who is on the defensive employs only 
sufHcient strength to prevent too easy a conquest. In this way the resistant principle of 
training the muscles is carried out to the best 
advantage. Of course it is well for the two 
contestants to be of as nearly the same height 
and weight as possible, but when the resistant 
theory is thoroughly employed the consideration of size is not of absolute importance. 

Once in a while the Japanese beginners are 
told to pass from purely resistant work to 
actual tests of strength. This brings pleasant 
relief from monotony, and enables the opponents to determine who is really the stronger. 
It does more, for it shows each man his weak 
points. While the instructor may help much 
in the remedying of these weak points, still 
more depends upon the student himself. If 
his arm is weakest at the wrist he must increase 
the amount of exercise given to that part. If 
the upper arm proves the most defective portion the exercises already described will have 
to be used with greater frequency than before. 

If there is the slightest trouble with the action 
of the heart or the breathing, then all of the 
exercises must be taken with much more moderation until the symptoms disappear. Even 
the worst of heart and lung troubles will either 
vanish, or will be greatly mitigated, \i jiu-jitsu 
is persistently followed and with the moderation and lightness of strain that must be determined by the student's own intelligence, his 
physician, or his physical trainer. 

Good nature enters into this work as a factor 
of prime importance. Without it there cannot 
be the highest development of good health. 
Anger is a poisonous irritant of the heart. It 
upsets the nerves. An examination of the 
Japanese vital statistics will show that heart 
disease and nervous prostration are almost 
unknown as causes of death. Moderation in 
exercise, with all the other forms of right living 
indicated by the Japanese system, will make a 
reasonably strong man of one who has become 
something of a physical and nervous wreck. 
But absolute good nature is the only tonic of 
value that can be found at Nature's drug-store. 
Twenty-five hundred years of training in jiu- 

jitsu, with the constant application of its cardinal principles of good nature, has made the 
Japanese people the calmest, coolest, happiest, 
bravest, and strongest people in the world. 

One who has seen and has compared the 
Tagalogs of the Philippine Islands with the 
purely-bred Japanese realises at once that both 
peoples came from the same parent stock. Yet 
there is all the difference in the world between 
them. The Filipino does not exercise, does 
not obey any of the rules of hygiene, and is 
nervous and irritable. The average Filipino is 
treacherous, and, while he will fight when there 
seems a good chance of victory, he is easily 
discouraged. The Japanese, born of the same 
racial mother of antiquity, has developed, 
through the part of jiu-jitsu training that is 
devoted to the cultivation of good nature, a 
calmness that makes him all but a phenomenal 
man. 

In the semi-historical legends of ancient 
Japan it is told that a daimio, or prince, was 
sorely oppressed in battle. With some two 
thousand surviving followers — every man of 
them a member of the staunch, brave old 

samurai — the daimio found his decimated command forced back to the edge of a steep cliff. 
The boulder-strewn gully lay several hundred 
feet below. The victorious enemy, expecting 
certain surrender, sent forward emissaries to 
arrange for the capitulation. The daimio gave 
the quiet answer that surrender was out of the 
question. With his thin little force backed 
against the edge of the cliff this fine old prince 
waited until he saw the enemy moving forward 
with a strength of numbers that he knew could 
not be resisted. Then he stepped through the 
broken ranks, looked down into the gully below, and shouted 

"Follow me!" 

Down along the ranks the order was repeated. A few moments later the daimio 
leaped over the cliff and went to instant death. 
Before his body had struck the rocks below 
hundreds more of his men were in the air. 
Within a few seconds the last man of the command was on his way to death. Not one had 
stopped to question the order. It was a command — and that was all there was to be said. 
Such instant obedience sprang from the calm- 

ness that was induced by the good nature 
instilled into samurai students by jiu-jitsu 
instructors. The bravery that is, in most men, 
inseparable from the conscious possession of 
strength aided in this heroic suicide that saved 
an army from disgrace. The whitening bones 
of the men who followed their prince were 
allowed to remain undisturbed until they had 
crumbled and mingled with the earth. It was 
a gruesome but splendid monument to the calm 
bravery of a race that has made good nature an 
art to be preserved through all the centuries to 
the present day. 

Here is one of the tricks that the Japanese 
employ both for strengthening of the muscles 
and for purposes of attack. The assailant 
throws his arm around the waist of the intended victim, clasping his hands in such manner that the entwined fingers press against the 
spine at the very small of the back. At the 
same time the assailant presses his chin against 
the left breast at a point about an inch and 
a half below the top of the shoulder and 
the same distance from the inside of the arm. 
The chin is dug firmly into the breast, while the 

clasped hands are pulled toward the assailant 
in such a manner that the man on the defensive 
finds his head going over to the ground, while 
it seems as if his back must break. This trick 
may be employed with very disastrous results, 
even up to the breaking of the back of the man 
attacked. The exercise is beneficial in strengthening many of the muscles of the arms and 
trunk, but it must be practised with all the 
good nature that the Japanese have so thoroughly developed. It is advisable for assailant and victim to change places after each 
assault. 

Three of these assaults by each should be 
made the utmost limit during the first two 
months that the trick is rehearsed. After that 
the students may increase the number of bouts 
in accordance with the warnings of palpitation, 
panting, and undue fatigue of muscles. When 
the Japanese athlete on the defensive is prepared to admit defeat he slaps one hand 
against thigh or leg. If upon his back he slaps 
the floor or ground. This signal of surrender 
causes the assailant to break whatever hold he 
has secured. Both men leap to their feet, 

smiling, and take deep breaths until ready for 
the next feat. 

When the tackle above described has been 
practised until it is thoroughly understood, it 
would seem that, once the grip is secured, it is 
irresistible. Yet there is an easy form of 
counter-movement. The one who is attacked 
has only to seize his assailant by the throat 
and press back the latter's head. One method 
of seizing the throat is to cross thumbs just 
over the "Adam's apple," pressing against it, 
while the finger-ends of either hand rest over 
the ears. This tackle taken, a quick shove 
forward of the assailant's head will break the 
hold. Or the thumbs may be dug forcibly 
into the jaw-bone on either side, the position 
of the fingers to be the same as in the first 
throw-off. 

Care must be taken at all times to avoid 
breaking bones, or laming the muscles to such 
an extent that the pain lasts for a considerable 
length of time after the hostile contact has 
ceased. The Japanese take every trick with 
the greatest caution at the outset and increase pressures so gradually that any advanced 

student is all but invulnerable to pain unless 
really vicious attack is made. 

When the student has been engaged for some 
weeks in toughening the lower edge of his 
hand along the lines described in Chapter I., 
he is now ready for experiment in a branch of 
jiu-jitsu which, when employed with the dexterity that comes of practice, will put him in 
possession of several defensive tricks of the 
utmost value. First of all he should select a 
point on the upper, or thumb, edge of the left 
wrist. This point is about two inches back of 
the base of the hand. The lower edge of the 
right hand is struck, at an angle of forty-five degrees, against the left wrist at the point mentioned. The blow must be a sharp one, and a 
springy one. The instant that the right hand 
has struck the left wrist the right hand should 
be withdrawn with a lightning-like rebound. 

When the blow is struck without quick recoil 
it is not nearly as effective. The same work 
may be employed at every point of the arm. 
It is especially effective against the inside of 
the elbow. Some of the modern schools of 
jiu-jitsu teach the use of this blow with the 

hand at right angles to the arm attacked. This 
is very useful when the inside of the elbow is 
assailed, but at all other points impact at an 
angle of forty-five degrees is to be preferred. 

At the side, just below the lower rib, the 
edge-of-the-hand blow may be delivered with 
telling effect. At whichever angle it is struck 
the results are about the same. In actual 
combat the blow should not be used unless it 
becomes absolutely necessary in defence. It 
drives all the breath out of the victim, and, 
when delivered with sufficient force, will leave 
the uninitiated enemy with muscles that will 
be very sore for some days to come. 

For the man who seeks strength alone this 
blow against the side is useful in hardening the 
muscles there. A Japanese master oi jiu-jitsu 
will withstand a very heavy blow at this point, 
whether delivered with hand or stick, without 
so much as wincing. The Japanese student is 
so gradually trained that, once the possible 
pain of the blow has been shown him, he feels 
no more, for in time the side at that point 
above indicated becomes all but pain-proof. 
The same blow is employed against the middle 

ribs — but at first with great caution ! On the 
left side, especially, care is taken not to cause 
damage to the heart. This organ gives its 
own best signals of impending danger. On the 
right side there is not as much danger; but 
here, too, the work must be very gentle until 
the muscles show capacity for endurance. 

It is advisable that at times two contestants 
should engage in this edge-of-the-hand work, 
but either one may practise this work upon his 
own body. In Japanese schools the young 
men are given, when they reach this stage of 
instruction, about ten minutes daily at this 
task. In most instances the spirit of emulation prompts the novitiate to practise at home 
with very gradually increasing severity. There 
is no time-limit given this branch of instruction. Each student keeps at the work until he 
is satisfied that all parts of the body vulnerable 
to assaults with the edge of the hand have been 
made as invulnerable as it is in his power to 
make them. All of these edge-of-the-hand 
attacks, when undertaken by two contestants, 
require the utmost exercise of — 

Good nature ! 

WATER, nature's GREATEST REMEDY 

While the samurai of ancient Japan believed to some extent in the "herbs and simples, they did not pin their faith to what we 
are prone to regard as "medicines." The 
lower classes had their charlatan advisers, to 
whom, in times of sickness, were paid such fees 
as the poor merchants, artisans, and labourers 
could raise. Shinto and Buddhists priests secured their fees for restorative miracles. The 
samurai patronised neither charlatans nor the 
wonder-workers of the temples. While these 
little athletic knights of old Japan made use of 
some of the herbs of field and forest as simple 
restoratives, they knew the greatest medicine 
of all — and they took no pains to impart the 
secret. 

Under the circumstances, perhaps the samurai are not to be blamed for their extreme 

taciturnity. They were not a strong class 
numerically, and it was necessary for them to 
keep the masses in subjection to the will of the 
ruler. It was an early discovery of the followers oi jiu-jitsu that the greatest medicine 
nature provides is water. This remedy they 
employed both internally and externally, and 
with results that gradually made their class the 
wonder and the envy of the commoners. 

At a very early date the samurai discovered 
the value of drinking a very considerable 
quantity of cool, pure water in every twentyfour hours. The amount consumed to-day by 
the average disciple of jiujitsu will reach the 
gallon mark. Ice-water was not known to the 
ancient Japanese as a summer beverage. It is 
not in favour to-day. All that is required is 
that the water shall be cool enough to be 
agreeable to the taste. Summer drinks, composed of shaved ice covered with fruit syrups, 
have crept into the life of the larger Japanese 
cities, but their use is not extensive, and the 
student of a jiu-jitsu school will have none of 
them. He is better taught. 

It has been charged against the Japanese, by 

many writers, that the people of Dai Nippon 
bathe in stagnant pools and drink impure 
water. To some extent the charge is true, 
but these hydropathic abuses are practised by 
only the most ignorant. From times of great 
antiquity the athletic samurai understood the 
benefit of drinking only the purest of water. 
It is a matter of ancient history that a samurai 
army, resting on its march, has sent a deputation of its men in command of a swarm of coolie 
porters to the nearest spring where the water 
was known to be wholesome. Priests were 
sent along to bless the waters, and it was centuries before the more or less observant coolies 
began to get a notion that the water of certain 
springs was healthful whether or not it was 
blessed. 

Japan is thickly studded with springs in 
which the water is as pure as Nature can supply directly from the earth. The waters of 
many of these springs possess mild but excellent medicinal qualities. It is within the experience of the writer, when serving as a war 
correspondent in the Philippines, that Japanese 
mineral water shipped to Manila was most 

eagerly purchased by all officers and by most 
of the men who returned to the capital from 
duty in the field. The tropical heat made 
them drink freely of this very pure water. 
Any one who used the water persistently for a 
few days found the troubles of his intestinal 
system mitigated. As the author was president of an army mess for some time he is able 
to testify that the Japanese water, for its effect, 
was preferred to any European or American 
mineral water that was obtainable in Manila. 

Yet the Japanese of to-day believe that it is 
not necessary for a suitable medicinal drinking 
water to contain marked mineral properties. 
It is needful only that the water be pure and 
any spring water, from its long upward filtration through clean sand is likely to answer all 
requirements — that is, unless there are contaminating surface influences. Mineral waters 
are expensive in this country. Distilled water 
is much cheaper, and is the purest that is 
known either to Nature or to chemists. This 
water should be reasonably cooled. If it is 
found that distilled water is too flat in taste, 
there are many manufacturers who use distilled 

water as the basis of their syphon products. 
Carbonated water will be found much more 
palatable. 

After a few days of internal treatment with 
water in sufficient quantities the investigator 
will note a great change in the action of the 
kidneys — and a change much for the better. 
The bowels, and, in fact, all parts of the complicated intestinal system are greatly benefited. 
A Japanese student of jiu-jitsu, when he finds 
a slight illness coming on, does not go to the 
doctor. The author is in the habit of drinking, 
normally, a gallon of water in twenty-four 
hours. Very recently he was threatened with 
tonsilitis. By practically abstaining from food, 
and by adding a half-gallon of water a day to 
the usual quantity, he prevented the threatened illness without resort to any "medicines." 
And this treatment was begun after the throat 
had become slightly ulcerated. 

From time past the backward limits of history Japanese troops have been reputed to be, 
in all kinds of weather, proof against rheumatism. In summer they forded streams and 
slept in the open through heavy rains. In 

winter these same men have always been able 
to sleep in snow-covered fields. When bivouacking in the snow the modern Japanese soldier 
sets up a shelter tent when it is possible so to 
do. The samurai of ancient Japan used brushwood and available articles of clothing in the 
place of the tiny tents of to-day. Both the 
modern soldier and the old-time samurai have 
one practice in common when camping on a 
snow-clad field. The ground on which the 
men are to camp is scraped as nearly bare as 
possible, and the snow so taken up is piled in 
a bank that will shield the men from the prevailing breeze. 

Rheumatism is comparatively unknown 
among the two younger generations of the 
Japanese. Only the oldest people are afflicted 
with this disease. Even among the aged rheumatism does not occur with sufficient frequency 
to make such an illness greatly dreaded by the 
grandfathers. The Japanese attribute their 
remarkable comparative immunity from rheumatism to the fact that they use water very 
freely, both inside and outside, and they are 
not afraid of any kind of fresh air or of damp 

or cold. The abstinence from meat diet adds 
to this immunity. They regard meat as a 
stimulant, and claim that abstinence from all 
forms of stimulants will inure one to cold, 
dampness, and "draughts." 

Bathing is a branch of hygiene in which the 
Japanese must be recognised as the greatest 
adepts in the world. The commonest Japanese 
labourer — the one who has to spend the greater 
part of his working hours in hard, manual labour 
— is in the habit of cleansing his body twice 
daily. If he does not, and the fact becomes 
known, he is looked upon, by his associates, 
as being something of a pariah. During the 
warmer portion of the year the more leisurely 
classes of the Mikado's people take three baths 
a day. Even three baths a day is by no means 
the limit. Sir Edwin Arnold cites the statement of a Frenchman to the effect that the 
Japanese devote to bathing so many of their 
waking hours that it is a mystery where the 
time comes in for eating and labour. 

Frequent bathing is one of the essential 
principles of jiu-jitsu. If all of the impure 
matter that is exuded through the skin is not 

frequently washed away, so the Japanese claim, 
there can be no perfection of health. It would 
seem that our own American idea that frequent 
bathing is weakening is wholly disproved by 
the results obtained by our little brown neighbours of the Orient. It matters not how many 
baths a Japanese has taken in a day, he is not 
afraid, when he wants it, to add another to the 
list. 

While, in America, the latest tendency is all 
toward the cold bath for restorative effect, the 
staple item in the Japanese bath is hot water. 
In fact, the water is so hot that most Occidentals would call it boiling. In summer this 
hot bath is taken in a hogshead out in the back 
yard. The people of Japan are not in the least 
ashamed to have it known that they bathe frequently. The Caucasian passer-by on the 
street often glances into a back yard in time to 
see one of the daughters of the house leave 
the dwelling and cross over to where the barrel 
of hot water awaits her. The young Japanese 
woman wears, at such a time, no clothing at 
all, but if she espies the stranger she smiles, 
bows, and offers the prettily spoken greeting 

 Ohayo," her equivalent for "Good morning." 
Then she steps into the hot water, sinks down 
until it reaches her throat, and goes through the 
bath with the utmost unconcern. This bath 
is apt to be a protracted one, but if the visiting 
foreigner cares to linger he is privileged to see 
the same smiling, demure maiden trip back 
into the house. 

While it might appear, from the foregoing, 
that the hot bath is the favourite in Japan, this 
is not by any means the case. The people of 
that country appreciate to an extreme the 
value of cool water. The hot bath is used for 
opening and cleansing of the pores. The cold 
bath is used for benefiting the pores to a lesser 
degree, and for general vitalising effect. In 
winter a Japanese who has taken a bath in 
nearly boiling water in doors springs out of the 
cask, runs out of doors, and rolls over and over 
in the snow. Then he returns to the house, 
dries himself, rubs down vigorously, and dresses 
himself. The olden-time samurai were wont 
to break the ice over streams in order to obtain 
the cold bath. Their descendants use creeks and 
rivers for the purpose of obtaining cold baths. 

There is in Japan no city — hardly a hamlet 
— that has not its public baths. Some of these 
places are reserved for the wealthy, but in most 
of these bathhouses the greatest democracy 
prevails. Men and women who have spent the 
day at toil repair to the bathhouse. A slight 
amount of deference to Western ideas has resulted in the separating of the sexes. From 
the street a room like a long hall is entered. 
The visitor steps in and finds that the bathing 
is being all done at the further end of this hall. 
The sexes are separated by a partition in the 
area of the overhead showers, but both men 
and women are visible to the instepping 
visitor. Neither the men nor the women resent observation. They chatter and laugh like 
children, spend some twenty minutes under 
the dripping water, then dress themselves to go 
out, clean and wholesome, for the evening's few 
pleasures. While hot water is provided at these 
public baths, cold water is far more in demand. 

It is worth the while of the visitor to one of 
these Japanese public baths to go close to the 
bathers and to study the anatomy of these 
people. In the company of a woman doctor 

the author visited several of these places. The 
average physique observed amounted almost 
to uniformity. The women were short, rather 
slight, and well-rounded. While of less height 
than our Western women, they furnished splendid nude models of proportion and grace. The 
men were characterised by swelling muscles, 
bulging chests, and slim waist-lines. The author's medical friend declared that she had 
never seen such perfect anatomical specimens 
of manhood or of womanhood. 

There is another phase of hydropathy that 
the Japanese is taught in hot weather. Whenever he can, without polluting a drinking-supply, he dips the crown of his head in water, 
dashes out the surplus with his hands, places a 
few wet leaves inside his hat, and walks on. 
This practice reduces the number of sunstrokes 
in Japan to a minimum. Of course the rather 
general habit of carrying paper parasols in 
summer tends to lessen the effects of the sun's 
heat, but the Japanese would always choose 
wet hair as against the parasol. 

If it be possible, the author wishes to lay 
greater stress than he has already done upon 

the Japanese idea of the necessity for the most 
frequent bathing that can be had. It is only a 
dozen years ago that the great American city 
of New York began to erect public baths. In 
Japan such places have been supplied since 
before the time when the authentic history 
of that country began. Tokio, to-day, supplies 
nearly nine hundred public bathing-houses for 
the use of its people. While cleanliness is regarded as one of the cardinal virtues, it has an 
even higher standing as the first requisite to 
health. On the sultriest of summer days the 
foreign visitor may find himself in the most 
densely packed crowd imaginable. Every one 
about him will be perspiring freely, yet there 
will be not the faintest disagreeable body odour. 
Though the surface health of the body is so 
well looked after, it is believed by the Japanese 
that complete health cannot exist unless the 
internal system is most effectively cleansed by 
the imbibing of very frequent draughts of water, 
cool — not ice-cold. The intestinal tract is 
likened, by our clever little neighbours of the 
Orient, to the sewer, that requires vigorous 
flushing. 

FRESH AIR AS A VITALISER — THE USE OF 
STIMULANTS AND OF NARCOTICS 

Any subject of the Mikado would smile at 
the notion that fresh air, in any form, could be 
harmful. The Japanese eat fresh air with even 
more gusto than they do food. It has been 
stated in an earlier chapter that the samurai of 
old rose in the morning to pass out into the 
outer air, there to take a number of deep 
breaths. The time of the morning chosen was 
just as the sun was coming up. At this hour 
the air is purest. When not engaged in 
marches the samurai rested through the middle 
of the day, keeping generally out of the sun in 
summer, though often courting the rays of 
warmth in winter. 

In Japan there is no patience with the 
American superstition that night air of any 
kind is harmful. Nature, these people say, 

has provided for every hour of the day the 
kind of air that is most beneficial. The Japanese hve, for the most part, in houses of frail 
bamboo structure. Rooms are divided by 
sliding partitions of paper. For windowpanes oiled paper is used in the place of glass. 
In the coldest nights of winter air circulates 
through the native house without interference. 
If the sleeper feels chilled he adds more bedclothing. But the passage of fresh air through 
the entire house is never prevented. 

"Draughts are not dreaded, for the meaning of the term is hardly understood by these 
hardy little people. On a chilly evening in the 
early fall the head of the family, the oji-san, 
will seat himself in his doorway, directly in the 
path of a draught of air that sweeps through 
from the back of the house. No cold is taken, 
and none can be taken by any one who will 
accustom himself gradually to this Oriental 
revolution from our Western ideas. The foreigner who visits the ofifice of a Japanese merchant, even in January, will find that the 
windows are at least partly open, and that a 
strong, cold breeze is sweeping through the 

Fresh Air as a Vitaliser 79 

room. The Japanese will be found with 
enough clothing on to keep himself warm if 
he understands the idiosyncrasies of the white 
man he will considerately rise and close the 
window during the period of the visit. 

"Night air is never considered as being injurious. The industrious Japanese, who toil 
through the day, revel in the after-dark atmosphere. This is their time of social enjoyment, 
in which the poorest share. Outside of the 
cities, where the poor enjoy rural life, the 
members of a family may be seen promenading 
with little or no clothing. The dew may fall, 
but no member of the family rushes into the 
house for a wrap. The bare feet pass freely 
through the grass, and this form of physical 
training is repeated in the early morning. 
After walking over the soil the foot-bath is 
used before retiring. 

While insomnia is rarely known in Japan, 
there are, of course, some cases of this nervous 
disease. In the cities, the remedy is for the 
suflerer to rise and go out into the open night 
air. He walks up and down, while in the 
country he climbs to the top of the nearest hill. 

seats himself on the crest, and enjoys to his fill 
the gloriousness of the cool night air. If the 
night is extremely cold, he garbs himself with 
sufficient warmth and walks until he is drowsy. 
When a Japanese exhibits signs of insomnia, it 
is regarded as certain proof that he is af33icted 
with mental worriment. Yet even this dread 
malady is cured when the night air is used in 
sufficient quantity. 

There is another important way in which 
fresh air is utilised as a vitaliser. The native 
Japanese costume makes it possible for one to 
have a free circulation of night air that is impossible to a Caucasian who conforms to his 
own ideas of dress. The Japanese clothing is 
loose and flowing. There is no restriction of 
the air currents that should pass up and down 
the body in all kinds of weather. Even the 
Japanese who wear European clothing — and 
these nearly all are descended from the ancient 
samurai — take advantage, when possible, of 
such air-baths as may be had, both in the daytime and at night. He who can, walks in the 
forests with little or no clothing oppressing 
him. Entirely nude, the same man will walk 

Fresh Air as a Vitaliser 8i 

at night, under the trees that adjoin the open 
grounds around his house. 

In ancient times the commoners slept with 
their windows closed in winter's severe weather. 
The samurai, who possessed clearer notions of 
what health required, slept with their windows 
partly open. Yet, in the Japanese house even 
closed windows do not threaten asphyxiation. 
The panes are made of oiled paper, and these 
are rather porous. The air comes in as freely 
as the average hygienist would require. When 
the window is opened a little, sideways, the 
ventilation is perfect. 

When it is considered that one may live 
a few days without water, often for a month 
without food, yet only for a few moments 
without air, it must be apparent that the 
Japanese are right in their insistence upon 
having plenty of fresh air during both waking 
and sleeping hours. Although these people 
dread neither night air nor draughts, colds and 
pneumonia give but little work for their physicians. Japanese physicians do not settle as 
thickly in any given locality as do our own 
practitioners in the United States. 

In the use of stimulants the Japanese of 
olden times did not progress very far. They 
had a wine known as sake, made from rice. It 
is still the national intoxicant beverage, and is 
rather weaker in alcohol than is the average 
Rhine wine. The only other stimulant known 
to the ancient Japanese was tea. Even to-day 
this is not brewed to the same strength that is 
sought in this country. The Japanese tea is 
prepared weakly, and is of a delicate colour. 
It is served without either milk or sugar. The 
casein in milk, the tannic acid in tea, with a 
slight mingling of other components found in 
both of the beverages, form a composition that 
is practically identical with leather. Centuries 
before the Japanese knew anything about the 
chemical properties of tea and milk combined 
they learned to distrust this mixture. Sugar 
was not used^ and is not used, because it destroys the delicate aroma of the tea. 

Until Japan threw her ports open to the 
world, beer, whiskey, and brandy were unknown. The first-named beverage has crept 
somewhat into favour, and there are several 
native breweries in the Empire. Whiskey and 

Stimulants and Narcotics 83 

brandy are still imported from abroad. For 
that matter, English and German ales and 
beers are not much cared for by the Japanese, 
and most members of the race abstain from 
even beer. 

As yet, no equivalents for beer, whiskey, 
and brandy have crept into the Japanese language. The foreigner who wishes to order 
such drinks must call for beer-sake, whiskeysake, or brandy -sake. Sake means something, 
to Japanese, on which the imbiber means to 
get drunk, and he must order the particular 
kind of sake on which he proposes to do it. 

In the matter of narcotics the Japanese are 
not addicted to the use of opium in any of its 
forms. Opium is little in favour, even with the 
physicians. There are, of course, some degenerates whom the Chinese have taught to 
use opium, but the number is not large. Tobacco, however, has been introduced largely 
into Japan since the days when Commodore 
Perry first secured the opening of the Empire's 
ports to commerce. There is now the same 
proportion of tobacco-users in Japan as is to 
be found in the United States. Cigarettes 

made of American tobacco are to be found 
everywhere through the Empire. But there is 
an important fact to be noted: the average 
Japanese uses not more than one-third the 
number of cigarettes that an American user of 
them would consider necessary. Japanese who 
prefer pipes carry them thrust through the 
girdle, from which depends a bag of tobacco. 
The bowls of the pipes are so tiny that the 
smoke means but a dozen light whiffs. A 
dozen or fifteen smokes in a day is considered 
sufficient for any sane man. This means less 
than a diurnal use of two cigars of average 
strength. Cigars, while occasionally used, are 
affected mainly by those of the Japanese who 
wish to be extremely Caucasian in their habits. 
From their conduct to date, it does not seem 
probable that the Japanese, after fifty years of 
exposure to our Western abuses, will ever become too much addicted to the use of alcohol. 
There is just a chance that in time the seductiveness of tobacco will work for the partial weakening of the race that is, at present, the strongest 
and healthiest in the world. 

EXTREME LEANNESS AND OBESITY — THEIR 
CURES 

Either under-weight or over-weight is undesirable. The man or woman who is too 
stout loses much of the enjoyment of life that 
otherwise would be possible. He who is too 
lean shows only too plainly that he has not 
attained the full physical development that he 
needs. For any man or woman who seeks the 
exact condition of perfect health there is a 
weight to be attained that is to be gauged by 
age and height. Tables showing these figures 
may be obtained at any well-conducted gymnasium, or may be had through the agent of 
any life insurance company. It is not worth 
while to offer these statistics here. 

A study of Japanese anatomy, among both 
sexes, has convinced the author that these 
people are prone neither to leanness nor to 

obesity. Of course the author's studies of the 
nude form were made in the jiu-jitsu schools 
and in the public baths. It may be that some 
of the Japanese possess badly formed bodies. 
The author did not see any while examining 
these people in the nude. 

Once in a while an obese woman is to be 
encountered in Japan. If she is young, she 
will be the object of mild derision among her 
neighbours. The Japanese are ever polite, but 
the obese woman is likely to be told that her 
"honorable proportions" are excellent. The 
recipient of this information knows exactly 
what is meant. Nor can a Japanese woman who 
is too lean be considered as possessing a figure 
that is attractive. She is placed in the class with 
her over-stout sister. Both are repulsive. 

Among the white races the men are likely to 
be angular, while the women are equally likely 
to be well-rounded. With the Japanese of 
either sex there is little difference in contour. 
A Japanese man, nude, exhibits about the 
same lines of grace in trunk, arms, and legs, 
as does the Japanese woman. The only real 
differences to be especially noted are found at 

the breast and hips. The same training has 
produced the man and the woman. The only 
differences between the sexes are due to the 
requirements of sex. 

In this country of ours it is not necessary for 
women — even those who attempt physical 
culture — to follow identically the same lines of 
training that are developed by men. In Japan 
the same tactics employed by the men are used 
by the women. There is no difference whatever between the physical training of one sex 
or of the other. A Japanese woman, well 
versed va. jiu-jitsu, is able to encounter a burglar 
in a dark room, and to hold him powerless 
until help comes. The author's wife, while 
possessing probably not a third as much 
strength as he does, is able to seize him and 
throw him violently upon the floor — provided 
he allows her to secure the proper hold. If 
the author were uninitiated in jiujitsu he 
would be obliged, as against his wife's knowledge of the art, to take second place physically in his own household. No matter which 
is the stronger, Japanese men and women often 
contest. In this way both are benefited. 

While extreme leanness is not common 
among the Mikado's people, there is a course 
of work that is used to correct the physical defects of under-weight. First of all comes absolute rest — rest that is persevered in as much 
as is possible. While the amount of rest that 
one should take depends much upon his own 
constitution he who seeks increased weight 
must remain abed at least ten hours in every 
twenty-four. This amount of rest may be 
decreased at discretion when the seeker after 
weight finds that he is attaining his object. 

While resting, the seeker after weight is instructed to lie upon the floor, or upon his 
couch, without clothing. Such warmth as he 
may need is to be secured from the use of 
bed-clothing. There must be plenty of fresh 
outdoor air in the room, admitted through an 
open window, and arms and feet should be 
kept as much as the weather permits outside 
of the bed-coverings. If the one who seeks 
weight finds himself unable to sleep during the 
full period of ten hours he is required to He 
down and to be as calm as is possible. Rest, 
even without sleep, will bring with it increase 

of weight. The cultivation of phlegmatic tendencies through all of the twenty-four hours 
of the day brings with it increase of weight. 

There is no need of changes in exercise when 
added weight is sought, except that gymnastics should not be too strenuously followed. 
Walking is required by the Japanese instructors 
to be kept up as usual, with the exception that 
the gait be strolling instead of brisk. When 
seeking increase of weight the student must 
bear in mind that every exertion, however 
necessary, must conform to the requirements 
of repose — healthful laziness ! 

Deep breathing and bathing do not interfere 
in any way with the accumulation of flesh; 
neither does the external nor the internal use of 
water. Beer, ale, and wine will increase weight, 
but not with beneficial results. The Japanese 
have exploded the old fallacy that the free use 
of water increases weight through bloating. 

Nuts and oils are much used by the samurai 
of to-day who wish to gain a few pounds in 
weight. Nuts are rich in oil, while any form 
of oil that is not too laxative in its properties 
may be used with the same fattening value. 

Nuts are eaten, with thorough mastication, as 
the appetite of the user directs. If oil alone 
is employed a quantity of something like an 
ounce of American cotton-seed oil three or 
four times a day is swallowed — one of these 
doses with each of the two daily meals that are 
advised. Inouye San, former instructor of 
jiu-jitsu in the Nagasaki police school, advised 
that both nuts and oil be used, with the condition that oil be given some preference over 
nuts. Real olive oil may be used, but the 
American cotton-seed oil is equally valuable 
from the dietetic standpoint. 

The habit of sleeping out of doors is also 
advised by Inouye San for the months when 
the weather is clement enough. At such times 
the body is not to be clothed, and the bedcoverings are to be as light in weight as comfort will permit. One who lives on a farm is 
able to find a secluded, tree-surrounded spot 
where he can sleep in this manner without 
shocking neighbourhood proprieties. The city 
dweller is compelled to place his cot at a point 
so far distant from a wire screen that the 
dread of prying eyes will not annoy him. 

Eggs are much used by the Japanese who 
wish to increase in weight. Meat in no form 
is used for this purpose. Milk is much used 
by the few of the Mikado's subjects who are 
able to secure some of the limited supply of 
this fluid food. A descendant of the samurai 
assured the author that he had been able to 
gain an increase of six pounds in three and 
one-half weeks on a diet of nothing but milk. 
Butter and all other oily substances are employed with the same end in view. 

In cases of obesity the system that brings 
about reduction in weight is mainly opposite 
to that which increases it. Water is used, both 
externally and internally, just as it is employed 
in the cases of the over-lean. There is no 
change in the use of fresh air, or in the amount 
of clothing. Reduction of weight becomes, in 
the case of the Japanese, a matter of less food 
and more exercise. All oily foods are abandoned — or at least are used with a good deal 
of caution. Exercise is used to a greater extent than is needful for the man or woman of 
normal weight. 

Fasting has been used in this country with 

seemingly beneficial results. The Japanese 
are such believers in moderation that when a 
lessening of diet is advised the immediate beginning of a fast is not recommended. The 
amount of food consumed daily is very gradually diminished, and the seeker after reduction of weight is allowed to use his own discretion 
as to the amount of food to be used each day 
— always provided that the amount of edibles 
consumed is decreased every day, or else every 
two or three days. It is not believed that 
entire abstinence from food is desirable. The 
stomach requires exercise Just as much as does 
any other portion of the human system. When 
any other part of the body is over-exercised 
the remedy is to be found in gradually lessening the amount of that exercise. The Japanese believe that this principle should be applied 
to the use of the stomach. While the true 
followers of jiu-jitsu are never prone to overeating, those who do commit this sin find their 
remedy in gradual diminution of food. 

The fast is never employed except in cases 
of severe distress of the stomach. He who 
finds that he cannot eat any food with relish 

sensibly abstains from the attempt. He who 
craves a little food eats it, but is careful to eat 
only that food that appeals to his temporarily 
degenerate appetite. It is rarely necessary for 
the Japanese fast to last longer than twentyfour or thirty-six hours. By that time the 
stomach is in condition for resumption of its 
normal work. A seven days' — or a forty days' 
— fast would be looked upon in Japan as merely 
a dietetic feat, and not as anything that could 
be expected to promote health. 

Exercise, in all the forms that are taught in 
jiu-jitsu, plays naturally an important part in 
the reduction of obesity. Yet, as has been 
discovered by seekers after reduction in weight 
in this country, exercise alone will not bring 
the desired result. Exercise followed by immediate bathing — and the cooler the bath the 
better — has been found to be trebly more 
valuable than exercise without bathing. The 
samurai claim that exercise is of very little 
value unless it is followed by that immediate 
cleansing of the skin which carries away the 
waste matter that is exuded through the good 
ofHces of exercise. 

There appear to be many reasons for the 
beneficence of the bath. This is especially 
true when the bath is as cool as the user can 
take it. All of the body receives benefit, but 
the skin is especially stimulated. While the 
Japanese incline much to hot baths, this is 
always followed, when possible, by a cold 
shock. The hot bath opens the pores more 
readily than does the cold bath but the hot 
bath, unless followed by a cold shock, tends to 
enervate. The cold shock, so the samurai 
claim, stimulates and restores circulation. 

In winter, when possible, he who wishes to 
reduce his weight is often advised to seek brief 
baths where he is obliged to break ice before 
entering. Severe as this treatment seems, the 
Japanese are not much addicted to pulmonary 
troubles. Their inferior prototypes, the Filipinos, who take little exercise, and who are 
unable to take the ice-cold bath, are subject to 
all sorts of pulmonary troubles. 

When a samurai finds himself over-stout he 
knows that it is useless to seek reduction of 
weight unless he is prepared to decrease gradually the amount of food that he has been using. 

No violent changes in diet are expected, but, 
first of all, the amount of nutriment is diminished, and then all of the oily and starchy elements of food are left out — by degrees. Dried 
fish, fruits, and vegetables are used in the quantities that the appetite appears to indicate. 
Rice, peas, and all forms of starchy foods are 
passed by. Eggs, too, are rather in disrepute 
with the one who seeks to reduce his weight. 
Meat, of course, is out of the question. Alcoholic beverages of all kinds are left severely 
alone. 

It can be understood without difficulty that 
an excess of sleep is not conducive to slimness. 
The Chinese, who sleep during more of the 
twenty-four hours than do the Japanese, are 
much more obese. The average Japanese sleeps 
seven or eight hours in the twenty-four. The 
Chinese who have the time to spare are more 
inclined to remain nine hours in bed. The 
Chinese coolies, who have so much work to do 
in a day that they cannot spend nine hours in 
rest, are much more likely to show the leaner 
lines of the Japanese. 

For the Japanese who wishes to reduce his 

weight not more than five or six hours of sleep 
are advised. It is claimed that when one is 
over-stout the fact is a sign that he is sleeping 
too much. It requires as much will power to 
reduce the amount of sleep as it does to cut 
down the quantity of food consumed — but 
these are sacrifices that must be made by the 
man or woman who wishes to lose weight. 
When the body of the samurai is over-stout he 
lessens both the amount of his food and of his 
sleep. The too-fat samurai has found that he 
can do both without more than ordinary discomfort. The discomfort is proof of his need 
for the sacrifice. If he is not prepared to make 
this offering to health he admits that he is not 
entitled to the results for which he seeks. 
The Japanese are nothing when not sensible. 

PRELIMINARY FEATS OF ATTACK AND DEFENCE 

It is quite probable that the average reader 
will glance through the preceding chapters and 
will turn then to this and to the succeeding 
chapters and try to pick up at once the principles of self-defence. If he does so he will 
make a mistake. 

The principles of jiu-jitsu that are to be described now must rest on a foundation of thorough physical training. The work prescribed 
in earlier chapters, in the way of exercise, diet, 
bathing, fresh air, etc., should be faithfully 
followed before the student can hope to reap 
any benefit from the tricks that are to be described. Physical strength, and the conscious 
knowledge that comes from the possession of 
it, are requisite to ability to make the greatest 
use of the tricks. A weakling can employ 
them — but not to the best advantage. Yet 

the Japanese do not employ their full strength 
in combat. All that they do is to use their 
opponent's strength so as to defeat him. 

It requires some time to grasp this idea. A 
Japanese who seizes his adversary does not 
employ all the strength that he has acquired. 
What he does is to take hold of his adversary 
at the weakest point presented. Then he 
holds on firmly, and allows the adversary to 
use his own strength to the point that brings 
pain or exhaustion. For instance, the man on 
the defensive who secures the wrist-pinch that 
has been described already has nothing to do 
but to hold on until his assailant's strength has 
been exhausted to a point that renders the 
latter unable to keep up the contest. 

All of the tricks of self-defence must be 
practised by two opponents. It is to be hoped 
that neither of these combatants will need the 
work for actual self-defence, but friendly contests are to be encouraged, as every one of the 
feats will make for actual strength, for courage, 
and for what is worth most of all in emergencies 
— presence of mind and agility. 

There can be no doubt that, for purposes of 

THE HAND-QRIP USED IN THROWING AN OPPONENT. 

Feats of Attack and Defence 99 

self-defence, the Japanese feats are superior to 
the tricks of the American pugilist. A Japanese cannot enter the ring and conform to ring 
rules with success, but when he meets the 
American and employs his own tactics, allowing the American to follow the rules of boxing, 
the victory will go every time to the Japanese. 
It is the idea of the little brown man that any 
blow is allowable that brings victory. 

In friendly combat the victory may be arranged for beforehand, and, as a rule, it is preferable that this be done. In actual tests of 
strength and skill there should be always a 
determination on both sides to win success. 
After studying the tricks that are to be described in this and in succeeding chapters, the 
student should be able to grasp the whole idea 
of jiu-jitsu. Muscles or nerves should be 
seized and severely pinched. Some of these 
muscles and nerves will be indicated in the descriptions that follow. The rest can be discovered most easily. After the student has 
 practised some of the elementary feats he will 
be able to locate the unmentioned nerves and 
muscles for himself. The defensive tricks of 

loo Japanese Physical Training 

jiu-jitsu are easily discovered by him who 
wishes to know them, and who has ascertained 
by practice upon himself the locations of the 
most sensitive nerves and muscles. 

First of all the tricks taught is the hand-grip 
that is used in throwing an opponent. The 
hand is seized in such a manner that the fingers 
rest over the adversary's palm, at the same 
time enclosing his thumb and forcing it as near 
as is possible to the assailant's little finger. At 
the same time the man who attempts to make 
the throw presses his own thumb severely over a 
muscle that may be found just below the base 
of his opponent's third finger. The location of 
this muscle may be obtained by experiment. 

As soon as the hand is so seized the man 
who has secured the grip gives his enemy's 
wrist a violent wrench outward and over, and 
endeavours to throw him. If there is any 
doubt as to the ability to make the throw, the 
right foot of the thrower should be placed behind the left foot of the one to be thrown. A 
quick shove with the disengaged open hand 
under the chin will increase the chances of success in throwing. This grasp is taken generally 

THE THROAT-BLOW WITH THE FLAT OF THE WRIST. 

This is a sure knock-out." (The author has employed it in earnest with 
results most satisfactory to himself.) 

Feats of Attack and Defence loi 

by the one who endeavours to make the throw 
employing his right hand to seize the adversary's left hand, but the left hand may be 
employed in seizing the other's right hand. 
Too much strength should not be employed in 
the practise of this feat, or else the opponent's 
wrist is likely to be broken. But the Japanese 
practise the feat continually. It is of no value 
in opposing a blow, but it is most valuable 
when it is desired to throw an opponent on his 
back before he has thought to clench his fist 
and strike out from the shoulder. 

After this grip has been studied there is a 
blow taught that is most effective in cases 
where the opponent is threatening to fight, but 
where he has not raised his hands for attack. 
Either one of the opponent's wrists may be 
seized, but this is not always necessary. The 
main point is to employ the edge of the wrist 
in striking a sharp, decisive blow against the 
thorax — in other words, in giving a blow with 
the edge of the wrist that will land severely on 
what is commonly called the "Adam's apple." 
This blow is bound to floor any man who is 
not looking for the attack. 

After the adversary is down it is only necessary to fall upon him and to jab one knee into the 
solar plexus, and to employ the throat -grip that 
is soon to be described. All of the points of this 
trick should be most carefully studied, for it 
is one of the most effective methods of stopping a threatened fight. It has the advantage, 
too, of not injuring the man who is repulsed, 
that is, not unless he has the misfortune to 
fall upon the back of his head. Where a mattress is employed in friendly bouts this disaster 
of a cracked head cannot occur. In delivering 
the blow there is usually advantage in placing 
the nearer leg behind the nearer leg of the opponent. This makes a trip possible at the 
same time that the blow is given — and between 
foot and wrist the result is sure to be decisive. 
When employed upon an asphalt sidewalk the 
trick is apt to be wicked. When used upon 
mattresses, or upon a hay-mow, no harm results to two men who are in ordinarily good 
health. 

There is another feat employed by the 
Japanese that is simplicity itself. Nowadays, 
it is used mainly by the police. It is known 

THE COME-ALONQ." 
A trick employed by the Japanese police for overcoming a troublesome prisoner. 

Feats of Attack and Defence 103 

as the "come-along." It is better to attack 
the opponent on the left side. While the attack is effective on either side, the left-side 
assault will be described. The assailant throws 
his right arm over the left arm of his intended 
victim. In this clinch the tops of the opposing 
shoulders must be as close as possible. Just 
the second that the clinch has been made the 
assailant must grasp his own left wrist with his 
right hand. He then bends forward as much 
as is necessary. Except in actual combat this 
trick should not be carried to extremes. It 
will be noticed in the photograph that the assailant has his foot placed in advance of that 
of his intended victim. This is done in order 
that the man making the assault may be able 
to bend forward far enough, and quickly 
enough, to throw his man to the floor by a trip. 
Where the trip is employed there is danger 
that this feat will result in a broken arm or 
forearm. If the man on the defence resists 
with sufiScient strength, and if the assailant 
employs just barely enough power to accomplish his end the man so attacked is certain 
to have broken bones. In friendly bouts this 

exercise may be taken without the exertion of 
undue strength on either side. 

For^hJ^ who knows the ways of jiu-jitsu 7 
there is a very simple counter for the "comealong." The man attacked has his leg back of 
that of his assailant. All he has to do is to 
use his unemployed open hand under the chin 
of his adversary. If he secures this clinch in 
time he can push his assailant over backward 
to the ground, and land with his knee in the 
solar plexus of the man who has attacked him. 

The next trick is one that may be most 
simply described. It is so easy that it may 
be learned in a few minutes. The man on the 
attack throws his left arm with great suddenness around his adversary's waist, digging the 
fingers with great severity into the base of the 
spine. At the same time he presses his open 
right hand up under the chin in such a manner 
as to throw his enemy's head back. The man 
so attacked is likely to have his neck broken 
if the assault is made savagely enough. The 
assailant may, if he wishes, bring up his right 
knee against the abdomen of his adversary. 
This is such a dangerous form of attack that 

A VERY HANDY CLINCH FOR STOPPING A THREATENED ATTACK. 
(It is possible to break the opponent's neck if the grip is taken too strongly.) 

Feats of Attack and Defence 105 

no Japanese will ever employ it except when it 
is necessary in a matter of life of death. If 
the man attacked receives the knee-blow in the 
abdomen he has no counter-blow. In breaking 
the clinch alone he can use the throw-off for 
the throat-hold that is illustrated in this 
volume. 

The feat above described is practised in the 
jiu-jitsu schools with great assiduity. It is 
one that calls for the utmost agility. It is a 
form of assault that cannot be countered if it 
is used with enough swiftness. But where 
the attack is meant to be decisive and ugly the 
knee must be brought to the abdomen at the 
very instant of attack. After one experiment 
it will be evident to the student that his left 
arm must go between his opponent's right arm 
and the body. If his arm goes around outside 
of his opponent's right arm the man attacked 
will have some added advantage in resisting 
the assault. 

One of the best tricks that can be used for 
the development of all the muscles is one that 
can be used, also, at times, for self-defence. 
This feat is one that could not be well employed on an asphalt sidewalk or on a hard 
roadway. It originated in Japan, where nearly 
all athletic stunts were then performed upon 
the grass. This trick is known as "throwing 
over the head." 

Attack the opponent by seizing him by the 

lapels of his coat. At the same instant raise 

the right foot against the inside of his left thigh, 

and as high up as possible. As a part of the 

same movement hop as close to the opponent 

as possible. When this has been accomplished, 

throw yourself over backward to the ground 

with as much force as can be employed. The 

opponent is sure to go over the head of the aslob 

THROWING AN OPPONENT OVER THE HEAD. 

sailant. When the fall is being made the leg 
that is employed against the adversary's thigh 
should be quickly and rigidly straightened out 
at the same moment that the throw is made. 
In this way the leg will be made to act as a 
lever and the throw cannot be resisted. City 
dwellers may practise this throw upon mattresses; livers in the country will find the 
hay-mow in the barn a convenient place for 
practising this feat. 

It is not to be understood that the trick just 
described is intended to be used merely for purposes of self-defence. It is most valuable for 
the strengthening of nearly every muscle in the 
body. It is not to be recommended as an exercise for those who have serious heart trouble. 
The Japanese, on account of their mode of 
living, develop but little heart trouble. Persons who are afflicted with cardiac diseases may 
employ this exercise once in a while, but the 
results are to be noted carefully, and if the fall 
causes the least discomfort around the heart 
the exercise must be given up, or else its use 
must be greatly lessened. 

It must not be inferred that this exercise will 

produce trouble where it does not already 
exist. The feat is so popular with jiu-jitsu 
instructors, and is considered to be of such 
value, that it is generally taught in the sixth 
or seventh lesson. A very little practice will 
show the investigator how much this exercise 
can do for the strengthening of the muscles. 
The assailant must remember always to tauten 
all the muscles that are employed. The man 
on the defence has no counter beyond employing the arm-pinch that is shown in the illustration. While he cannot avoid going over his 
assailant's head, the man on the defence, if he 
employs the arm-pinch to the best advantage, 
will find that his chances are improved vastly 
if he has secured an effective arm-pinch. While 
the two men are struggling on the floor each 
should endeavour to employ whichever of the 
feats described or discovered seems to meet 
best the demands of the situation. 

By the time that the student has gone thus 
far he is taught to try the throat-grip. This is 
a very simple and effective method of choking 
an adversary. Both hands are employed in 
the grip. The assailant makes a lightning-like 

THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD OF TAKING AN ADVERSARY BY 
THE THROAT. 

If the grip is secured the adversary is defeated every time. 

movement with his hands, seizing his opponent 
inside of the collar. The second joint of each 
forefinger is pressed against the "Adam's 
apple" of the man attacked, and so severely as 
to effectively strangle the man on the defence. 
In the illustration the man who is attacked is 
shown to be defending himself by employing 
the forearm pinch. It is well that this way of 
seizing the throat be employed frequently for 
practice. The development of agility in the 
performance of this feat is of the utmost importance to one who wishes to know how to 
defeat his man. Yet great caution must be 
used, as, when the pressure is too long sustained, it is possible to cause death. There 
is an instance within the author's knowledge 
where a man who had newly learned the trick 
came very near causing death through apoplexy 
by the severe employment of this trick. In 
practice bouts pressure for three or four seconds 
will be enough. The continuance of a severe 
pressure for twenty seconds would be dangerous, — that is to say, for the beginner. A 
Japanese who has taken sufificient punishment of the throat is able to perform a very 

no Japanese Physical Training 

remarkable feat. He lies upon the floor, a 
heavy bamboo pole is placed across his throat, 
and three men on either side are allowed to 
press the pole as hard as they can do by any 
means against his "Adam's apple." 

It would not be well for the beginner in jiujitsu to attempt such a test, but if he perseveres, using the throat -grip more and more as 
he goes on with the work, he will find that ultimately his throat will resist any ordinary attack 
that can be made. In that case he will have 
natural defence against any usual attack on 
the throat. 

There is a simple way of countering the 
throat attack. The trick is so easily executed 
that it is impossible for the opponent to maintain a throat-hold. When the throat is seized 
the hands of the man on the defence should be 
clasped tightly in front of the body, and then 
the arms thrown up energetically from the left 
side against and over the arms of the assailant 
with force enough to break the hold. This 
method of defence is so simple and effective 
that the strongest throat-hold can be broken at 
once. If the man who is breaking the throat- 

HOW A THROAT-HOLD IS THROWN OFF WITHOUT DIFFICULTY. 

hold wishes, he can force his adversary's arms 
away over, and then can use his clasped hands 
in landing as ugly a blow as he wishes under 
the other man's chin. 

The principle of the use of the tightly clasped 
hands is taught most thoroughly in the Japanese _/Vm;;V/jz< schools. The blows that are possible are employed for many purposes of 
defence. They are used, whenever practicable, for forcing away any assailant who has 
secured too close a clinch. One of the best of 
these blows lies in the use of the clasped hands 
for striking a vigorous blow squarely against 
the solar plexus. The same blow may be employed against the pit of the stomach. There 
are times when the blow can be used against 
the heart — but this never should be done unless self-defence sternly requires it. When the 
hands are clasped in this fashion a very ugly 
blow can be administered by striking the wrist 
of the nearer arm against the side of the waistline. The blow should be given smartly and 
with instant rebound. 

By very gradual degrees the Japanese student is taught to employ the same principle in 

systematic attack upon his comrade's abdomen 
and also upon the solar plexus. Pressure, 
rather than the blow, is employed upon the 
abdomen. At first this is the rule in assailing 
the solar plexus, but this part of the body will 
stand a sharper blow than will the stomach. 
In time the abdomen itself will withstand a 
very heavy blow. The stomach muscles of a 
Japanese master oi jiu-jitsu appear to be almost 
as hard as iron. His solar plexus becomes 
practically an invulnerable spot. He does not 
dread the attack against either abdomen or 
solar plexus, and this condition of physique is 
brought about gradually by constant practice 
in the blows that are delivered with the clasped 
hands. 

At the sides the blows with the clasped hands 
are practised, at first, with a good deal of moderation and caution. By degrees the student 
finds himself so hardened in muscle at these 
points that he can endure more and more forceful blows. There is a wicked blow that is not 
to be recommended unless the student finds 
himself in a position where he must defend 
himself at any hazard. When he can succeed 

THROWING AN OPPONENT OVER THE SHOULDER. 

in going under his adversary's outshot left 
arm it is possible to strike a blow with the edge 
of the nearer wrist at the base of the spine. 
The result of the blow is likely to be the breaking of the spine of the one so attacked. A 
blow equally wicked may be delivered with the 
edge of the hand — of course, the little finger 
side. 

A trick from which considerable amusement 
may be derived is the throwing of an opponent 
over the shoulder. It is better that the throw 
be made over the right shoulder. The illustration shows the best position for the making 
of the throw. Of course, much must depend 
upon the way in which the assailant finds it 
possible to make the attack. In throwing over 
the right shoulder the assailant, standing at his 
opponent's left side, seizes the opponent's left 
arm with both hands, as is shown in the illustration. The method of taking hold is shown. 
The assailant, after having secured the hold, 
and having pinched the victim's wrist and arm 
muscles in the usual style of pinch, makes a 
sudden twist to the right in such manner that 
his intended victim rests over the left side of 

his rump. The rump gives the leverage that 
is effective if the assailant gives a quick twist 
forward, bringing his victim over his shoulder, 
and at the same time bending the wrist severely. The throw should land the victim on 
his back. When the fall has been accomplished 
the assailant should land with one knee, preferably the left, in his antagonist's solar plexus, 
and the throat-hold already described should 
be employed for reducing the victim to submission. 

Another trick that may be practised frequently to advantage is the one shown in the 
next illustration. The assailant, standing at 
the left, seizes his opponent's left wrist, and 
jerks the left arm over the back of his neck. 
At the same time the assailant employs the 
flat of his right hand to push away the adversary's head. There is opportunity for the 
man on the defence to use his unemployed 
right hand in striking a heavy blow. But it 
will be seen that the assailant has his right leg 
in front of the left of his intended victim and 
in the attitude in which the two men stand it 
is easy for the assailant to make a throw before 

HOW AN ATTACK MAY BE WARDED OFF BY A CLINCH OVER THE SHOULDERS. 

the blow by the man on the defence can be 
delivered. 

No one who will practise sufficiently the feat 
to be described now need be afraid to attempt 
the disarming of one who is trying to use a 
weapon upon another. The illustration shows 
a man who has drawn a revolver upon another 
man. The third man, who wishes to prevent 
a murder, leaps forward either at the side or 
from the rear. With his right hand he seizes 
the wrist of the would-be murderer's pistol 
hand, giving in the same instant the most 
vicious wrist-pinch he can employ. Also in 
the same instant the peacemaker employs his 
left hand to secure a firm pinch-hold at the 
middle of the upper arm of the man with the 
pistol. Considerable strength must be employed in jerking the would-be murderer's arm 
up and over backward. As the man's hand is 
brought down behind his back a swift pull will 
secure the weapon from him. This is a feat 
that should be practised often — always, of 
course, with an unloaded revolver. A few 
trials are needed before the idea is grasped, but 
every repetition of the attempt makes the task 

of saving life under such circumstances more 
easy. The author, while seated in a hotel 
lobby reading his newspaper, was able once to 
drop the paper, spring forward, and instantly 
take away the weapon of a man who had drawn 
it for use in a row over politics. It was the 
first time the author had had occasion to use 
the feat in earnest, but it is an excellent trick 
to know, and yet it is valuable when it is employed merely as a means of strengthening 
the muscles and of increasing agility and dexterity. 

None of the feats described can be made of 
value merely by looking at the photographs 
and reading this text. Every one of the tricks 
must be practised with great patience and frequency. No one of them can be mastered in 
a single practice bout, but many of them may 
be acquired after a few attempts. When a 
student has acquired one thoroughly he should 
pass on to another that seems more difficult, 
and devote most of his time to this one — but 
should always go back for frequent practice of 
the feats of which he believes himself fully 
a master. Eternal "keeping at it" is what 

o 

I- 

o 
 

counts for him who would make himself expert 
xa. jiu-jitsu. 

Mention was made in Chapter IV. of the 
coat-sleeve trick. A fuller explanation will 
now be offered. In making the attack the 
assailant throws his hands forward, seizing the 
upper ends of the lapels of his antagonist's 
coat. Care must be taken by the assailant to 
get both of his arms inside the arms of the 
intended victim. If the man attacking throws 
one arm around the outside of one of the arms 
of the attacked man the assailant loses much 
of his advantage. It will be easy to understand how the one on the defence may use his 
enclosed arm in a vigorous outward movement 
that will do much to break the hold. Once 
the clutch on the lapels has been secured, the 
coat must be yanked instantly down until the 
sleeves confine the victim's arms tightly at a 
point just barely above the elbows. Then firm 
hold must be maintained. In resisting an 
actual attack, if the man who is employing 
the coat trick finds the leg trip described in 
Chapter IV. to be impracticable under the circumstances, he may secure instant advantage 

by using his knee to give a violent jab into the victim's abdomen. But the Japanese 
seldom employ this latter blow — it is a dangerous one unless self-defence imperatively demands it. 

THE COAT TRICK, 
Used for reducing an antagonist to helplessness. 

THINGS THAT THE STUDENT CAN TEACH HIM- 
SELF — HOW AGILITY IS ACQUIRED 

In the preceding chapters there has been 
given all that is essential to the preliminary 
work of the jiu-jitsu student. One who has 
mastered in all its details the work described, 
and who has kept at it with assiduity, will find 
himself in greatly improved health and much 
better able to cope with an adversary in actual 
combat. 

The Japanese student is required to devote 
several months to the foundation work. In 
his earlier months of practice he is kept mostly 
at the feats whose aim is the development of 
muscle and endurance, and he is given only 
enough combat work to keep up his interest in 
the study of physical well-being. 

After the first few months of practice the 
student is taught to think more for himself. 

iig 

There is much that he can teach himself. 
Reference has been made already to the student's ability, after some early instruction, to 
locate for himself nearly all of the vulnerable 
muscles and nerves of the body. In the limbs 
the most vulnerable parts for the pinches are 
to be found, as nearly as can be described, at 
the centres of the fronts and backs of arms and 
legs. The neck is full of points where a pinch 
can be secured with most painful results to the 
victim. Some of these have been indicated, 
but it is necessary to add only that the student 
should locate every one of the rest by actual 
practice upon his own neck. He can test then 
the efificacy of these holds upon the neck of a 
companion, submitting in turn to a like attack. 
Suppose the student clasps his hands with 
the fingers interlaced. He will discover that a 
quick, hard wrench of one of his wrists upwards or sideways produces pain and a weakness of the muscles and bones of the attacked 
part. On the other hand, a quick wrench 
downward causes but little discomfort. When 
two adversaries practise this, it will be found 
that the assailant gives all the advantage to 

his opponent when employing the downward 
wrench. On the other hand, the assailant who 
employs the upward or side wrench has the 
advantage. 

Here is the cue for some valuable work that 
may be employed both for muscular development and for use in attack or defence. This 
hand-clasp cannot be taken always with sufificient speed, but when it can be done it proves 
most effective. Much time should be given to 
trials of this feat, as it is an especially valuable one in combat when it can be employed as 
a surprise — that is, when the man attacked has 
no idea that this form of assault is to be employed. 

When employing the upward wrench, the assailant uses this hand-clasp, forcing the fingers 
of the right hand between those of his antagonist's right hand and taking the tightest hold 
possible. At the same time the attacking one 
employs his left hand in a strong pinch on the 
middle of the victim's upper right arm. The 
man on the defence finds his right arm going 
up over his head, while his seized hand is 
being forced backward toward his wrist in a 

manner that can be made to cause excruciating 
pain. 

It must be borne in mind that the man attacked has his left arm free, and that he may 
use it in landing a vicious blow. But the 
Japanese assailant avoids this danger either by 
leaping as far as he can to the right while still 
maintaining his painful hold, or else by closing 
and accomplishing a trip, with the back of his 
leg employed as a lever against the back of the 
victim's. Where the relative positions of the 
combatants permit, the latter is the form permitted 'v!\ jiu-jitsu schools. 

There are many forms of attack possible 
with this trick. Where two students practise 
them frequently together all the different varieties may be ascertained with certainty. There 
is no kind of defence possible if the assailant 
secures the hold properly and employs the 
suggestions offered for avoiding the other man's 
left arm. While the attack may be made from 
the left side, securing a left-hand clasp, this will 
not be found as effective as is the right-side 
attack. In rare instances the one making the 
attack may find it useful to clasp both of his 

victim's hands, raising them upward with a 
quick jerk, and forcing the hands over toward 
the wrist, but this is rarely as useful a method 
of attack as could be desired, as it will be 
necessary to employ the knee-jab in the abdomen, and is altogether a clumsy and vicious 
movement. Where the double hand-clasp is 
taken it is preferable to twist the victim's hands 
upward and over sideward. Of course the 
value of this form of the feat depends upon 
the swiftness and strength with which the 
double wrench is made. 

Attacks upon the neck may be discovered in 
great variety by the diligent student. For instance, let him seize his own neck with each 
hand wrapped half-way around. The thumbs 
should press hard against the "Adam's apple," 
while the finger-tips dig forcibly in exactly the 
centre of the hollow that is found just' at the 
base of the skull. This is a most effective 
method of taking hold, when, for instance, a 
retreating burglar is to be seized, or when a 
troublesome person is to be ejected from the 
premises. It should be practised frequently 
— with light pressure, of course, in friendly 

contest — in order that utmost dexterity in securing the hold may be acquired. 

In a perpendicular line with the lobes of the 
ears two sets of muscles will be found running 
down the neck. One hand is employed in such 
manner that the assailant's thumb digs into 
these muscles on one side of the victim's 
neck, and the finger-tips in the corresponding 
muscles on the other side of the neck. This 
gives a form of attack that is painful and convincing to the recipient. The counter for the 
victim to employ, if he is versed in jiu-jitsu, 
is the throw-off for the throat-hold already 
described. 

Every possible hold on the neck and at the 
throat should be studied out with great care. 
The more two students practise together all 
the possible holds the stronger the neck will 
become and the less pregnable to assault. A 
Japanese master of jiu-jitsu will grinningly 
submit to all manner of attack at his neck and 
throat, for the reason that his constant work 
has made these parts so strong and hard that 
the average American athlete could produce no 
impression of pain. 

In addition to the holds three exercises are 
used for toughening the muscles of the neck. 
First of all, the Japanese student is told to 
stand erect and to turn his head around so as 
to bring his chin as far as he can over his right 
shoulder. Next he does this to the left. The 
movement is not made with too much rapidity, 
but every possible muscle and chord of the 
neck is strained by the desired vigour of the 
effort. After this the head is bent sideways to 
right and left, and then backward and forward. 

In the case of such tricks of attack as have 
been described in foregoing chapters the student is encouraged — forced — to study them 
in all their aspects, and to discover variations 
upon them. If he invents a decided improvement upon a trick, or discovers a simple counter 
to some other that has been believed to be invincible, he is regarded with no little envy by 
his fellows. 

A simple variation of a trick already given 
may be suggested, and there are other variations. Take the feat where the assailant 
throws his left arm around the waist and forces 
his open right hand up under the chin of his 

victim. The assailant may make, instead, a 
rush at his opponent's left side, and throw his 
left arm around the side of the other man's 
right waist. At the same time the one who is 
making the attack may use his right hand in 
pressing against the left side of the victim's 
neck, and by the suddenness of the attack 
forcing a fall. 

Still another variation, when a rear attack is 
desired, is to leap at the man who is to be attacked, throw the left arm around his abdomen, 
the right forearm around the neck, and bring 
one knee sharply into the victim's back. Having done this, the assailant, still retaining a 
firm hold, draws back so quickly that he forces 
the man attacked to his back. With his man 
down, the assailant, if he is quick enough, has 
things all his own way. 

Another simple though painful trick that is 
employed is known under a name that may be 
translated as the "hair-pull." In this the attack is made by using the left hand, open, to 
clutch the victim's throat in such manner that 
the thumb presses hard against the muscles 
already spoken of that run down under the lobe 

of the left ear, while the four fingers press as 
severely against the corresponding muscles 
under the right ear. The right hand of the 
attacking one takes violent hold of the hair 
over the forehead of the victim. A strong jerk 
backward with the right hand, aided by the 
pressure of the left hand against the throat, is 
reasonably sure to reduce the victim to submission. If necessary the trip accomplished 
by the back-of-leg-to-back-of-leg trick may be 
employed. There is but one counter that can 
be utilised, and even this is not easy of accomplishment. The victim may try the pinch in 
the middle of the upper arm. 

To be sure, the man who is being attacked 
may attempt the knee-jab in his adversary's 
abdomen, but this the assailant can prevent by 
raising his right foot to about the level of the 
left knee and with his right foot a little forward of his left leg. In this position the man 
attacking has a parry ready in advance that 
will break the force of the knee-jab and prevent its successful execution. In the meantime 
the man on the defence is rapidly weakening 
under the pain of the hair-pulling. No matter 

what hold the man defending himself secures, 
the pain in his scalp will cause him to let go of 
that hold in order to escape further pain from 
having his hair pulled strongly. 

Once the student has acquired this trick, he 
is encouraged to find out in what other ways a 
grip on an adversary's hair, whether at either 
side or from the rear, may be made painful, 
and just how the hand not employed in seizing 
the hair may be utilised in attacking some other 
vulnerable point. The assailant must always 
bear in mind, however, that the attacked opponent has two hands and, possibly, a knee 
that he can use. It will be interesting for the 
student to study out all possible forms of 
attack in the hair-pulling tricks, and to plan 
counters to each of these forms of assault. In 
friendly contest, it is necessary, at first, to do 
no more than to study all possible holds. The 
hair need not be wrenched to the point of absolute pain but after a while it will be learned 
that this work toughens the scalp and renders 
the student more and more impervious to pain 
when so attacked. In time, if sufficient of 
this work is carried on, the practicer oi jiu-jitsu 

will find his scalp so tough that he is not afraid 
of having his hair pulled. 

There is another form of exercise, applicable 
also to combat, from a careful study of which 
the student is able to teach himself much. 
This consists of going behind an opponent 
when his arms are hanging at his sides. Seize 
both of his wrists quickly. In so doing it is 
advisable to employ the wrist-pinch, if possible, 
but this is not absolutely necessary. The 
whole thing to be counted upon is the speed 
with which the hold, in either fashion, may be 
secured, and the quickness with which the following movements can be executed. Bring 
the victim's arms back smartly, so that his 
hands are about on a level with the base of his 
spine, and are pulled as far back as is possible 
in this position. In the same instant, while 
retaining the original hold, twist the victim's 
wrists upward and outward as far as possible, 
bringing the twisted wrists, as nearly as may be 
done, to the original level with the base of the 
spine. At the same time the assailant uses the 
powerful leverage he has secured to push his 
victim forward. It is possible to throw the 

victim forward to the floor in a twinkling. 
The only feasible defence is for the man attacked to give a backward kick in one of the 
shins of his assailant, but even this weakens the 
former's balance. If the assailant succeeds in 
making a throw he must fall on top of his 
victim and utterly complete the victory by 
pressing his fingers against the "Adam's apple" 
and his thumbs in the back of the neck, as has 
been suggested in the throat and neck exercises. 
While this exercise will seem, upon the first 
hard trial, to be a very painful one, it need not 
be made so except when purposes of serious 
attack require. Two friendly contestants may 
practise it to advantage. A great many of the 
muscles of the body are found to be benefited 
by this work. Friendly practice does npt call 
for the use of any more strength than is needed 
for the successful carrying out of the work, and 
with this proviso no physical harm can result. 
Japanese students are taught to make the task 
a trifle more strenuous with each succeeding 
attempt, and it is not long before the muscles 
become so hardened that the victim rises smilingly from the floor, not in the least hurt— 

merely vanquished. But, after the principle of 
the trick has been mastered, speed — and then 
increasing speed — is always insisted upon. 

It is in the study of this feat that the Japanese student of jiu-jitsu learns much about his 
anatomy, and learns especially how to know 
the weak parts of his body from the strong. 
First of all, he strives to locate the muscles 
that do not seem to be in the least affected by 
the work. These call for no particular attention at the time. But the student finds that 
some of his muscles weaken readily during such 
a struggle. It may be that he suffers the most 
pain in his wrists. In that case, if he is conscientious in his task, he practises most assiduously at the resistant exercises, both alone and 
with a companion, that have been mentioned. 
The hand-throw, too, comes in for a good 
share of his attention, until he finds that his 
wrists are as strong as need be. 

If upper portions of his arm are weak, the 
student is advised to give a good deal of time 
to the resistant arm exercises. If the back 
proves weak, then the Japanese student is advised to practise bending backward and forward, 

alternately and smartly, from the hips, while 
keeping the legs rigid. The throws over the 
head and over the shoulder are tried also more 
frequently, while the feat in which the assailant 
throws one arm about the victim's waist, and 
presses the open hand of the other arm sharply 
up under the chin is much resorted to. These 
exercises, when tried with sufficient frequency, 
and without too much zeal, are found to 
strengthen the weakest backs. The dangerpoint, at which too much strength or too much 
zeal is used, is indicated by the fact that the 
student finds himself short of breath or with 
undue pain in the back. The remedy is greater 
moderation until such time as the back proves 
equal to greater strain. 

When the neck, after the fall has been accomplished and the grip taken, seems to be the 
weakest point, all of the throat and neck exercises already described in this chapter are to be 
used by way of remedy. "Bull neck" is an 
expression in common use in this country. 

Iron neck would be the more appropriate 
term in Japan. An attempt to injure the neck 
of a Japanese master of jiu-jitsu by any ordi- 

nary method of attack with the hands or with 
a stick would bring with it astonishment to the 
curious seeker after athletic knowledge. 

A feat that can be employed sometimes, 
though not often, in combat, is most useful as 
a means of general physical toughening. One 
Japanese student lies on the floor, flat on his 
back. His antagonist bends over, seizing the 
prostrate one's ankles with what is known as 
the ankle-pinch. This consists of seizing the 
ankle bones with the hands in such manner 
that the thumb presses severely against the 
bone on the inner side of the foot, while 
the fingers give equally hard pressure against 
the bone on the outer side of the foot. A very 
little practice teaches the student how to cause 
a good deal of pain when the pressure is given 
strongly enough. 

Once the principle of this pinch has been 
mastered, — and it is not done in a moment, — 
the next step is taken up. Raise the victim's 
feet a trifle from the floor, applying the pinch 
as hard as is possible without inflicting too 
much pain, and twist the ankles rapidly over 
so that the toes point outward. In this case, 

as with other parts of the body, the Japanese 
are not long in acquiring great hardness at the 
assailed part. 

After this work has been gone through with 
on several occasions the next feature of the 
exercise is studied. Now, the same twist is 
employed, after which the victim's toes are 
allowed to point upward. The assailant lifts 
his companion's legs upward until the latter is 
resting on his shoulder-blades. The legs are 
then gradually lowered until the feet again rest 
on the floor. 

As has been suggested, this feat is of more 
value for exercise than for combat. When 
used for toughening the body a great many 
important muscles are given greater power and 
endurance. When actual attack is made it is, 
of course, necessary to catch the enemy lying 
down and off his guard. Then he may be 
forced quickly upon his shoulder-blades and 
held there as long as is necessary to bring 
him to terms. In a matter of life or death the 
victim may be forced to turn a rough, complete 
somersault, with the danger that his neck will 
be broken while he is going over. 

There is much to be learned, also, from a 
little trick that a Japanese master oi Jiu-jitsu 
would be likely to employ if annoyed by too 
much pushing from the rear in an American 
crowd. In Japanese crowds, no matter how 
densely packed the people may be, no one intentionally shoves. But in the United States, 
the bothered Japanese would turn slightly in 
order to make sure of the man who had annoyed him, and would then make a sharp jab 
with the point of his elbow in the boor's solar 
plexus. There would be a gasping Ouch ! 
from the boor, whereupon the master of Jiujitsu would turn with the smiling politeness 
that never deserts the Japanese: 

"I beg your pardon, but I had no idea that 
my turning so suddenly would put you to such 
inconvenience. 

And there would be nothing logical for the 
boor to do save to accept the promptly proffered apology — and do his best to preserve as 
great a distance as possible between himself 
and the master oi Jiu-jitsu. In Japan the trick 
is employed to prevent an attack from the rear 
when the danger of one is realised. The blow 

may be struck with the point of either elbow — 
with the forearm held horizontally, and is accomplished by a quick swinging motion of the 
trunk. It may be done so quickly and neatly, 
after a little practice, that the victim cannot 
claim that he has been actually assailed. Not 
much practice is needed to enable the student 
to locate unerringly the position of the solar 
plexus as he swings about. If his victim is 
much taller the jab will land in the abdomen, 
but even then this sudden attack will prove 
very effective. 

Much has been said already about the prime 
importance of the possession of the greatest 
agility if the use of the Japanese tricks of attack and defence are to be made effective. An 
American traveller, on his first visit to a. Jiujitsu school, would witness some work aimed 
at the acquirement of agility that would strike 
him as being grotesque. Yet these seemingly 
ludicrous feats are performed in all earnestness 
and are persisted in until the desired results 
have been obtained. 

First of all, the young men are taught to 
jump on one foot, throwing the other as far 

backward and as high as possible, with a movement suggestive of the kick delivered by a 
mule's hind leg. The legs are alternately employed in this backward kick, and by degrees 
the utmost speed possible is acquired. Then, 
in somewhat similar fashion, the young man 
kicks forward. After this come the hops. 
Hopping on one foot as long as he can do it 
and maintain his equilibrium, the student is 
made to hold the other leg as far back as he is 
able. The next style of hop is with one leg as 
far upward at the side as may be, and then 
with the leg forward. In each case the student 
must continue to hop until he feels that he is 
about to lose his balance. All of this leg work 
is intended to give the Jiu-jitsu pupil the maximum of balance when he finds himself with one 
leg only on the ground and when the various 
trips are employed. 

For quickness in making the springs necessary in attack there are a set of exercises in 
which a bamboo pole is employed. American 
students will find any other kind of pole equally 
useful. One student stands with a pole held 
in both hands directly over his head. Four or 

five feet away from him stands another student 
— watchful, alert, cat-like, for the spring. At 
his own pleasure the man with the pole lowers 
it swiftly so that it rests against his legs. His 
opponent, at the first realisation of the pole's 
descending, must leap forward and seize it before it has touched the other's legs. At first, 
success in this work is impossible, or nearly so, 
but after weeks of occasional practice at this 
work it is an even toss-up as to which will 
win. 

By way of variation, the pole is raised instead 
of being lowered, but the principle upon which 
victory is based is the same. Then the pole is 
raised or lowered at either side in the same 
fashion. Next the student who holds the pole 
lifts it over his head with one hand, and, at his 
pleasure, brings it down so that the further 
end strikes the floor. When this is done the 
student who is to catch the pole stands at the 
side of his companion, as alert as ever, and is 
expected to catch the pole before the floor is 
touched. This is followed by struggles in 
which the young men take equal holds, either 
double-handed or single-handed, and contest 

for the possession. The loser bows gracefully 
in acknowledgment of his defeat. 

Now comes work that, at first thought, may 
seem dangerous. As a matter of fact it is not 
so much so as are American polo and football, 
and it does much more for agility. One of the 
young men raises the pole over his head. 
Whenever he is ready he brings the pole down 
over his comrade's head. The other must 
stand with his hands at his side, or in front of 
his stomach, until he sees the pole descending. 
Then he must spring up and catch it, endeavouring to wrest it away from his opponent. 
At first the blow is struck slowly, but with each 
lesson the rapidity of the fall of the pole is increased, until both students become so expert that the blow can be blocked every time. 
Then ensues a contest for the possession of the 
pole. The man who loses hold of the pole 
may seize his opponent by any hold he can 
secure, and the combat goes on until one or the 
other admits defeat. This acknowledgment of 
defeat is given by slapping one hand on the 
thigh if on the floor the vanquished one slaps 
the floor. The combat ceases the instant that 

the signal is given, and the opponents take a 
moment's rest before attempting the next feat. 
The blows with the pole are attempted in various forms of attack, and the more ways that 
are devised of attacking and countering, the 
better it is for the student when he engages in 
actual combat. 

While this work is being undertaken the 
student is ordered to learn how to fall. With 
his arms outstretched horizontally he falls 
forward flat upon the floor. The floor of the 
school is padded thickly and softly, so that the 
young man cannot injure himself. The instructor can do little when this exercise is being followed. The young man must learn the 
art of falling safely through his own practice 
and observation. He must learn what muscles 
are wrenched when he falls, and must study 
out for himself how to avoid the wrench. 
When one practising jiu-jitsu is thrown he 
must know how to aid in the throw himself in 
such a manner that he will not be weakened — 
and this knowledge can be gained by any one 
who practises assiduously. The Japanese student who finds himself going down under the 

attack of his adversary is taught to land himself, if possible, on one side or the other, as he 
thus avoids to some extent the success of his 
opponent in the attempt to secure a double 
arm-pinch, and hinders the throat -hold. The 
one vanquished never lands squarely on his 
back if he can avoid it. Constant practice in 
falling, along with intelligent observation of the 
effects of the different falls, enables the student 
to learn much by himself. Then the knowledge so gained is employed in tests with a 
"friendly foe." 

Next in order comes practice in the work of 
rising swiftly and skilfully. The man who is 
thrown by his adversary's trick and suddenness 
is not necessarily beaten. The man thrown 
often turns seeming defeat into victory through 
his ability to wriggle out of the hostile clutch 
and leap nimbly to his feet, instantly prepared 
for another trial of skill. 

First of all, the student, when practising 
alone, lies flat on his back, with arms and legs 
outspread. In this position he is required to 
"gather himself together" and to leap to his 
feet. He must do this as quickly and skilfully 

as possible. At first the feat is not an easy 
one, but, as in all other endeavours, practice 
makes perfect. After a few weeks, during 
which a part of each day's work is spent along 
these lines, the student finds that he has made 
surprising progress. 

Following this, as soon as he has made fair 
progress, the young Japanese is taught to fall 
upon his left side, instantly rising with all the 
speed and skill of which he is capable — and the 
ability to do this grows with each repeated attempt. The task is performed by throwing 
himself over to the left in such manner that he 
finds himself with both knees on the floor as 
levers, and with his arms stretched out before 
him to aid in the upward spring. As he makes 
the spring he swings his body around at the 
same time, in order that he may face his 
opponent. The fall on the right side is accomplished in the same manner, except that 
the student turns rapidly over to the right. 

It must be borne in mind at all times that 
the one who is rising must do it in the way that 
will least expose himself to the assault of his 
antagonist. He who is rising may often save 

himself from a successful new attack by wriggling or dodging to one side or the other — and 
this must be to the opposite side from which 
the opponent seems likely to attack. It is not 
to be expected by the one who is rising that 
his adversary will wait for him to regain his 
feet before attacking. The Japanese take the 
sensible view that, in combat, there are no 
such things as "fouls." Any hold or blow is 
permissible while the intended victim is down 
or is attempting to rise to his feet. The only 
aim is victory, and this may be secured in any 
manner that is possible. 

Practice is given in sitting on the floor with 
the legs in front, slightly spread, and with the 
hands on the floor at the side, but a little to the 
rear of the back. From this position the student leaps to his feet without turning to either 
side in rising. Difficult as this work is, it can 
be accomplished in time, or else the young 
man has not followed his instruction, in all its 
details, with the care that has been expected 
of him. After this the next task is performed 
by sitting on the floor, with the legs in the 
same position, but without support from the 

arms, which must be held in front of him. 
Rising from this position is difficult of accomplishment, but is easily possible when sufficient 
practice has been had and it is well worth all 
the effort that success in this line calls for, for 
the achievement of the feat works wonders for 
lightning-like agility. 

From this last work the student is passed 
along to the requirement of sitting in a stooping position, with rump as close to the floor as 
may be without actually sitting on the floor. 
The arms are extended in front, or at the 
sides. From this position the practicer must 
accustom himself to rising with the utmost 
celerity. When he can do this, he must seat 
himself in the same position, opposite an opponent. The two clasp hands, and at the 
signal, given by either, one pulls the other to 
his feet. Once erect, hands are unclasped and 
the antagonists assault each other by any means 
of attack preferred. 

Excellent practice is had when two students 
lie on the floor, on their abdomens, with heads 
opposite and hands clasped. Each tries to 
draw the other's hands toward him, by so do- 

ing to gain enough purchase to enable him to 
spring from the floor in such manner that he 
towers over his rising antagonist and is able to 
vanquish him by throwing him over backward 
and falling upon him. If the victor can disengage his hands he is then able to employ the 
arm-pinch, the throat-hold, or any of the other 
tricks used in subduing the under man. In 
any case the man on top uses the knee-jab in 
the solar plexus. 

Another excellent exercise for the making of 
agility is for the young man to throw himself 
forward upon his knees without allowing his 
hands to touch the floor. As soon as he has 
fallen he instantly rises to his feet, and stands 
with his hands before him as if awaiting the 
attack of an adversary. 

Agility may be acquired, also, by throwing 
one's self face down, resting on hands and toes, 
without allowing the trunk or the legs to touch 
the floor. While in this position, look rapidly 
over the left shoulder, and then over the right 
— always in swift alternation. This does much 
to teach the student on which side he should 
try to rise when there is an opponent over him 

or waiting for him. After a few of these alternate turnings have been made, the next thing 
to do is to imagine that the opponent intends 
to attack him on one side, — say the right, — and 
then, by a vigorous twist, to rise to the left, at 
the same time dodging and crouching, ready 
for the next move of attack. 

Leaping forward, with as catlike a bound as 
can be acquired, is insisted on. This is done 
with hands outstretched, as if the student were 
engaged in the effort to grapple with a real opponent. Sometimes the student lands from 
his bound erect, or at other times sinks to a 
crouching attitude. Then he is taught to leap 
sideways, as if he were trying to secure a side 
grip on his imaginary opponent. Too much 
stress cannot be laid on the value of this leaping work. It counts for everything in the 
suddenness and success of attack when, at the 
beginning of combat, the adversary is more 
than arm's length away. 

The student will be able also to teach himself 
much in the way of feinting when making such 
a spring. In much the same way that the trick 
is employed by American and English boxers 

he is able to make it appear that he intends to 
attack one portion of the other man's body and 
then take hold of another part. If the eyes 
are directed at one part of the intended victim's 
body while another part is actually seized the 
deception is likely to prove as effective as it 
does in boxing. One form of feinting often 
resorted to is for the assailant to leap forward 
erect, suddenly crouch under the extended arms 
of his adversary, grab the nearest knee with 
one hand, and employ the other hand in giving 
a push as high up on the body as may be done. 
The seized knee is pulled outward at the same 
instant that the push is given, and the victim, 
who has- looked for attack at a higher point on 
his body, has no choice but to fall on back or 
side. Then the assailant completes his victory 
by falling upon his man and employing any 
one of the holds or pinches that seems most 
advantageous under the circumstances. 

The possession of acquired agility teaches 
the student another valuable trick of attack. 
This is for him to crouch as if intending an 
attack at the knees, and then, as his opponent 
bends to meet him, to rise suddenly and make 

the attack upon the upper body of his descending enemy. Just as there are no "fouls" in 
the Japanese method of combat, so all the 
highest development of the art of jiu-jitsu is 
based upon the employment of the utmost degree of deception. There is but one exception 
to this rule When the vanquished one slaps a 
thigh, or the floor when down, the victor must 
release his man and does not expect further 
attack. 

Agility is further obtained by falling face 
downward upon the floor and then turning 
over on the back like a flash. Arms, hands, 
and legs are employed with as much celerity 
and accuracy as if an actual combatant were at 
hand. A welcome variation is found in running at full tilt toward an object that is swinging, suspended from the ceiling. Without 
slackening his speed, the student grasps the 
object, or tries to do so, stopping only when 
he finds the prize within his hand. Success in 
this feat is at first almost impossible by degrees it becomes more and more easy of accomplishment. There is sport in the game, and it 
can be introduced into any American gymna- 

Slum where the ceiling is so high that the cord 
on which the object is suspended is long enough 
for the student to slow up before he has gone 
"to the end of his rope." The employment 
of the feat works wonders for agility and for 
its twin brother, accuracy of eyesight. 

Vaulting over an obstacle breast-high is a 
method of increasing agility that is employed 
in some of the jiu-jitsu schools. Such an obstruction may be a horizontal bar, or anything 
else that will serve the purpose. As the student lands on his feet on the other side he 
finds himself face to face with an adversary 
who is awaiting him, and combat immediately 
begins. When victory has been obtained, the 
other man attempts the vaulting in the same 
way. This work can be performed successfully 
only by students who have gone thoroughly 
through the lighter work for obtaining agility. 
Undoubtedly it would be better for the average 
man to try this work, at first, by vaulting over 
an obstacle that is only waist-high; but the 
Japanese student does not believe in stopping 
at trifles. 

When all the work described in the foregoing 

has been gone through with to such an extent 
that the student is found to be really agile, he 
is made to practise dodging with an opponent. 
The master of jiu-jitsu is as slippery as the 
proverbial eel. It will be found impossible for 
an uninitiated opponent to seize him. Just as 
the uninitiated one fancies he has his man 
within grasp he finds that he has n't, but that 
the Japanese has him in a grip that seems 
astounding, and a grip that is certainly excruciatingly painful, and bound to result in 
defeat. 

All ultimate success in the aggressive and 
defensive tricks oijiujitsu rests upon a foundation of agility, and this may be acquired by 
any one who will take the trouble to win it. 

CLOSING SUGGESTIONS TO AMERICAN 
STUDENTS 

It is to be feared that many who read this 
volume, and who wish to a.cqu.\re jiu-jitsu, will 
neglect the fundamentals and will turn at once 
to the practice of the tricks of combat. Those 
who do so will make a mistake at the outset, 
and one that will have to be corrected later on. 

Health is not created by mere combat. 
Physical training does not consist alone of the 
creation of swelling muscles. Nor does the 
possession of a few easily learned tricks of 
attack make an athlete. 

He who would seek physical perfection must 
carefully observe all the conditions that bring 
it about. The rules of diet, the habit of deep 
breathing of fresh air at all times, the wearing 
of proper clothing that does not impede the 
free passage of air over the body, the habit of 

frequent bathing, the free use of water, regular 
rest, a proper amount of recreation, and a 
sufficient amount of muscular exercise — all of 
these are essential to him who would reap the 
benefits of the system of physical training that 
has made the Japanese, after twenty-five hundred years, the strongest, most enduring, and 
happiest people on earth. 

Before paying much attention to the tricks 
of combat the American student of the art 
should, after observing the first requirements 
of bodily health, practise long and assiduously 
at the resistant and other exercises that harden 
the muscles and bones. Too much time cannot be spent in this manner. The fighting 
tricks oi jiu-jitsu, if attempted by those who 
have not yet taken the trouble to toughen 
the muscles and harden the bones, are certain 
to result in lameness — perhaps severe strain. 
While the preliminary work of toughening and 
hardening is going on, some of the simpler 
tricks of combat described may be attempted, 
always provided that no strain results. By degrees the American student will find- hat he is 
able to stand in ore and more severe wo rk, and 

Closing Suggestions 153 

morejind more of it — and then he will know 
that he is gradually but surely progressing 
toward the state of perfect physical health and 
great endurance. 

When the tricks of combat that involve falls 
are tried, these should be done always on pads 
or mattresses — or, in the country, upon hay. 
While a grassy lawn may afford a good substitute, there is no reason for two friends, engaged 
in friendly contest, risking broken bones. It 
should be borne in mind, also, that in amicable 
tests too much strength should not be exerted. 
It is sufficient, at first, to learn the principles 
oi jiu-jitsu combat. As the student progresses 
he will find himself able to endure more and 
more severe punishment, but arrival at this 
stage should never be rushed. Each student's 
own judgment will guide him in this matter. 

The matter of costume is of great importance. The body should b^as exposed as is 
possible. In the Japanese_/VK^«VjM schools the 
students step out on the floor in nothing but 
breech-clouts. This gives the freest circulation 
of air around a body that is bound to perspire 
profusely from the rapidity with which the 

exercises are performed. When exercises are 
called for that involve coat-holds a tough 
padded jacket is added to the costume. 

American men who do not care to exercise 
in the breech-clout alone will find that a very 
good substitute costume may be had by donning underclothing and socks and pulling on 
a breech-clout to Ke^p ihe underclothing in 
place. Shoes should never be worn. For the 
tricks that involve coat-holds any old, discarded jacket may be donned. 

Where two women engage in practice the 
best costume will be a combination bathing suit 
of waist and trunks. If desired, however, the 
regulation gymnasium suit of blouse, bloomers 
that come to the knee, and stockings may be 
used— but without shoes of any kind. 

In Japan the women are trained m Jiu-jitsu, 
and they often compete with the men. It 
would be well if this were done in this country 
— always provided that man and woman pos- 
 sess about equal height, weight, and muscular 
strength. In the case of such contests the 
costume would have to be adapted to the requirements of conventionality. Contests under 

Closing Suggestions 155 

equal conditions between men_and_women_are 
tojje en^Quiaged, as such practice would work 
for the cultivation of that politeness which the 
Japanese invariably show in their friendly combats. The Japanese always rises with a smile 
from a severe and sometimes painful defeat. 

In closing, the author offers these suggestions 

Observe all the first requirements of health. 

Practise daily the exercises described. 

Do not pass to another task until the one 
described before it has been well mastered. 

Do not attempt to rush physical development. Moderatio n is the Japanese rule. The 
intelligent student will be able to discover for 
himself when it is wise to iQcreasejthe amount 
Qf_exercise, and when he can endure additional 
strain in the tricks of combat. Do_nQt^be 
oy££::zealous. 

However severe the trick employed against 
you, be courteous and smiling. Good temper 
is a powerful factor for health. 

At times when there is lassitude resulting 
from stagnant circulation of the blood, the j'iujitsu work will be found to be a vitaliser. If 

there is no anla'gonist at hand, try such of the 
exercises as may be done alone. The result in 
improved vitality will be apparent within a few 
minutes. Yet, at such times, do not attempt 
to overdo. From five to ten minutes of work 
will be found suiificient. The- right indication 
is discovered when the body warms and the 
flesh tingles. Then stop, resuming the work 
at a later time when feeling in good condition. 

If extremely nervous, or unable to sleep, a 
very moderate amount of exercise — preferably 
in the open air — followed by bath and bed is 
Hkely to be productive of immediate relief. 
Even persistent insomnia can be cured by continuing this course night after night. 

The Americans are proverbially a nervous, 
high-strung race. The Japanese are calm to 
the point of serenity. Faithful study and j 
practice of their rules for physical well-being 
will work a marvellous change in the physicaVj 
and nervous vitality of the American people. 

THE END 

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