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WABUKAN Journal · History · 帯

The history of belts: where the black belt and the colours come from

· 4 min read

Today it seems natural: you start with a white belt, change colour every few months or years and dream of the black belt. But this system is relatively recent. It was born in Tokyo in the 1880s, with Jigoro Kano, and spread around the world in the 20th century, with changes in each country and in each art.

Judo is where the kyu/dan system and the black belt were born.
Judo is where the kyu/dan system and the black belt were born. WABUKAN illustration

Before belts

The old Japanese schools (koryū) did not have belts of colour. A student's progress was recorded through licences and certificates, such as the menkyo system, which could take many years and, at the highest level, meant full transmission of the school's teachings. These licences were documents, not something visible on the clothing. Many koryū still use this system today, instead of or alongside modern dan grades.

Kano and the first dan grades

Jigoro Kano founded the Kodokan in 1882 to teach judo, a reformed version of jujutsu. In 1883 he gave the first 1st dan (shodan) grades to two of his students, Saigō Shirō and Tomita Tsunejirō. The word dan means "step" or "level", and Kano probably took it from the game of go, which already used it to rank players. Below the dan grades he created the kyū grades, for students who had not yet reached that level.

Jigoro Kano aged 28.
Jigoro Kano aged 28. Author: Unknown author · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

At first, those with dan grades were recognised by a black sash worn over the training clothes of the time. Around 1907, with the introduction of the modern judogi, with long trousers and a heavy jacket, the black cotton belt took the form we know. Students below dan wore white belts. For the highest grades, the Kodokan later introduced the red and white belt (6th to 8th dan) and the red belt (9th and 10th dan), very rarely awarded.

The colours: a European idea

The colour belts between white and black did not come from Japan. They are generally attributed to Mikonosuke Kawaishi, a Japanese teacher who settled in Paris in 1935. He saw that Western students needed visible, frequent goals to stay motivated, and created a sequence of colours for the kyū grades: white, yellow, orange, green, blue and brown. The idea spread throughout Europe and later to other arts and countries, each with its own variations.

Karate adopts the system

In karate, the dan system arrived with Gichin Funakoshi, the Okinawan teacher who brought the art to mainland Japan. Funakoshi was close to Kano and, in April 1924, he awarded the first karate dan grades. Karate also adopted a uniform inspired by the judogi, lighter, and the black belt. Today each karate style and federation has its own sequence of colours.

Karate adopted dan grades in 1924.
Karate adopted dan grades in 1924. WABUKAN illustration

Brazilian jiu-jitsu: few belts, many years

In Brazilian jiu-jitsu the system is different. For adults there are only five belts: white, blue, purple, brown and black, with "stripes" in between. The sequence was formalised in Rio de Janeiro in 1967 by the Guanabara Jiu-Jitsu Federation. Getting a black belt usually takes ten years or more, and the IBJJF sets minimum ages and times at each belt. After many years as a black belt come the red and black, red and white and, finally, the red belt, linked to pioneers such as Hélio Gracie.

Taekwondo and other arts

In taekwondo, the Kukkiwon awards dan grades to adults and poom grades to those under 15, with a red and black belt; when they turn 15, the poom becomes a dan. In arts such as kendo and kyudo there are dan grades, but no coloured belts: the grade is written on the certificate, not around the waist.

How grades are earned

Each art and federation sets its own rules, but most gradings have similar elements. The candidate shows basic techniques, forms (kata, poomsae), applications with a partner and, in many cases, free practice or sparring. A minimum time in each grade and a minimum age are almost always required, and higher grades also take into account teaching, refereeing and service to the art. In judo, competition results can count towards dan grades. In BJJ, promotions are usually decided by the teacher, who follows the student over months of training rather than in a single exam.

Myths and meaning

A popular story says that belts became darker because they were never washed, until they turned black. It is a good story, but there is no historical evidence for it: the black belt was a deliberate choice by Kano. Another common idea is that the black belt means "master". In judo and karate, shodan means "first step": it marks the end of the basic training and the beginning of a deeper study.

Want to know more? Read our article from jujutsu to judo, see the pages for Jigoro Kano and Gichin Funakoshi, and compare the arts in our catalogue.

Timeline

  1. 1883Kano awards the first Kodokan 1st dan grades.
  2. c. 1907The modern judogi with a cotton belt appears.
  3. 1924Funakoshi awards the first karate dan grades.
  4. 1935Kawaishi arrives in Paris and creates the kyu colours.
  5. 1967Guanabara Jiu-Jitsu Federation formalises the BJJ belts.

Related pages on Wabukan

judo karate bjj taekwondo Master: Jigoro Kano Master: Mikonosuke Kawaishi Master: Gichin Funakoshi Master: Hélio Gracie From jujutsu to judo

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Kodokan Institute — história e sistema de graus
  2. Gichin Funakoshi, Karate-Do: My Way of Life, Kodansha, 1975
  3. IBJJF — Graduation System
  4. Kukkiwon — dan e poom
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Rank in Judo; Black belt (martial arts)

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