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WABUKAN Journal · History · САМБО

Sambo: the Soviet fighting art born from judo and folk wrestling

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Sambo is an acronym of the Russian SAMooborona Bez Oruzhiya, "self-defence without weapons". Born in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s, it mixes Japanese judo with the folk wrestling styles of the peoples of the USSR. Today it is practised on every continent and has produced some of the best-known fighters in mixed martial arts.

Sambo: red or blue jacket (kurtka), shorts and wrestling shoes.
Sambo: red or blue jacket (kurtka), shorts and wrestling shoes. WABUKAN illustration

Origins: a judoka in Vladivostok

The story of sambo begins with Vasili Oshchepkov. Born on the island of Sakhalin in 1892, he studied at an Orthodox seminary in Japan and trained at the Kodokan, the school founded by Jigoro Kano. In 1913 he received the 1st dan, becoming one of the first Europeans to earn a black belt in judo, and later reached the 2nd dan.

Vasili Oshchepkov, c. 1912, when he was studying judo in Japan.
Vasili Oshchepkov, c. 1912, when he was studying judo in Japan. Author: Unknown author · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Back in Russia, Oshchepkov taught judo in Vladivostok and, from the late 1920s, in Moscow, at the Central Institute of Physical Culture and in clubs linked to the Red Army. At the same time, Viktor Spiridonov, a veteran of the First World War, developed in the Dynamo club a self-defence system for the police and security services, with influences from jujutsu and other methods.

A Soviet synthesis

The Soviet authorities wanted a combat system of their own, not simply a Japanese art. The idea was to gather the most effective techniques of the many wrestling styles of the USSR, such as Georgian chidaoba, Tatar kurash, Armenian kokh and Mongolian and Central Asian wrestling, and combine them with judo. Oshchepkov's students, among them Anatoly Kharlampiev, travelled and recorded these traditions.

In 1937, during the Stalinist purges, Oshchepkov was arrested, accused of spying for Japan, and died in prison a few days later. His name was erased from the official history for decades. On 16 November 1938 the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sport officially recognised the new discipline, then called "freestyle wrestling"; the name sambo came into use in the following years. Kharlampiev, who wrote the first books on the subject, was long presented as its sole creator; today historians recognise the role of all three men.

Sport sambo and combat sambo

Sambo has two main forms. Sport sambo is a wrestling sport, close to judo: throws, pins and submissions. Combat sambo adds strikes with fists, feet, knees and elbows, and was developed for the military and security forces; it is the form closest to modern MMA.

Some rules give sport sambo its own character:

The uniform is also distinctive: a jacket (kurtka) with "wings" on the shoulders to hold the belt in place, shorts and wrestling shoes, always in red or blue, one colour for each athlete.

How it is trained

A typical sambo session looks like a wrestling or judo class. It starts with a demanding warm-up and breakfalls, followed by grips and throws in pairs, ground work with pins and leg locks, and finally sparring. Because leg locks are allowed, beginners learn early to tap in time and to apply these techniques slowly and under control, since the knee and ankle ligaments are easily injured. Combat sambo adds pad work, protective gear, gloves and helmets for sparring with strikes.

From the USSR to the world

For a long time sambo was practised mainly in the Soviet Union and allied countries. Soviet sambo players also competed in judo, and their unorthodox grips and leg attacks surprised the Japanese at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, where Soviet judokas won four bronze medals. The first international tournament was held in Riga in 1967 and the first world championship in Tehran in 1973. In 1984 the International Sambo Federation (FIAS) was founded, and in 2021 it received provisional recognition from the International Olympic Committee.

Sambo and MMA

Sambo became known to the general public through mixed martial arts. Fedor Emelianenko, considered one of the best heavyweights in MMA history, was a multiple world champion in combat sambo; Khabib Nurmagomedov, undefeated UFC champion, also won world titles in combat sambo before his professional career. Their success showed the value of a training that combines throws, ground control and submissions with a constant search for practical efficiency.

Want to learn more?

Sambo has a close relationship with judo: many throws are the same, such as seoi-nage. To understand where it all began, read our article from jujutsu to judo and see the sambo page, with its history, techniques and masters.

Timeline

  1. 1913Oshchepkov receives 1st dan at the Kodokan.
  2. 1920s–30sOshchepkov and Spiridonov develop wrestling and self-defence systems in the USSR.
  3. 1937Oshchepkov is arrested and dies in prison.
  4. 16/11/1938Official recognition as a sport in the USSR.
  5. 1973First world championship, in Tehran.
  6. 1984FIAS is founded.

Related pages on Wabukan

sambo judo mma Master: Vasili Oshchepkov Master: Anatoly Kharlampiev Master: Jigoro Kano From jujutsu to judo Technique: seoi-nage

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. FIAS — International Sambo Federation, história e regulamentos
  2. Wikipedia (EN) — Sambo; Vasili Oshchepkov
  3. Comité Olímpico Internacional — reconhecimento provisório da FIAS (2021)

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