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WABUKAN Journal · Cinema · 七人の侍

Seven Samurai (1954): Kurosawa's masterpiece and the sword on screen

· 4 min read

A poor village, a band of forty bandits and seven swordsmen who agree to defend it in exchange for rice. With this simple premise, Akira Kurosawa made Seven Samurai (Shichinin no samurai, 1954), a film of almost three and a half hours that is regularly named among the best ever made and that defined how cinema shows the sword.

Toshiro Mifune as Kikuchiyo.
Toshiro Mifune as Kikuchiyo. Author: Toho (1954) · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

The story

The action takes place in 1586, at the end of the Sengoku period, the "age of warring states", when Japan was torn by wars between lords and many samurai had lost their masters, becoming rōnin. The farmers of a mountain village learn that bandits will return after the harvest. With nothing to offer but food, they go to town to look for samurai hungry enough to accept.

The first to agree is Kambei (Takashi Shimura), a veteran who has lost many battles. We meet him in one of the most famous scenes of the film: he shaves his topknot, puts on a monk's robe and walks into a house where a thief is holding a child, to rescue him. Others join him one by one, including the young Katsushirō, the calm master swordsman Kyūzō and, uninvited, Kikuchiyo (Toshiro Mifune), a loud, impulsive man who claims to be a samurai and turns out to be the son of farmers.

The sword without decoration

Before Kurosawa, Japanese period films (jidaigeki) often showed swordsmanship as a theatrical dance, inherited from kabuki. Seven Samurai took a different path. The fights are short, sudden and decided in a few movements; the wounded fall and do not get up. Kurosawa wanted to know what a sword fight should really look like, and the credits name Yoshio Sugino, a master of the Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū, for the fencing. Sugino taught the main actors basic movements, posture and the correct handling of the weapon, and Kurosawa asked them to copy even the way he walked and knelt.

Seiji Miyaguchi, who plays Kyūzō, had never made a period film and, by Sugino's own account, did not even know how to hold a sword. He went to Sugino's dojo to train specially for his scenes. The result is one of the most admired characters in the film, proof that a few days of correct instruction in the basics show on screen.

The clearest example is Kyūzō's duel. A boastful samurai challenges him first with wooden swords, then with real katana. Kyūzō waits, still, and decides the fight with a single cut. The scene shows ideas that run through Japanese swordsmanship: control of distance, timing and the calm that the old schools valued above force. It is close to the ideal that Miyamoto Musashi wrote about in the Book of Five Rings: no useless movement.

Bows, spears and muskets

The film is not only about swords. Kambei organises the defence like a general: he floods the rice fields, builds fences, trains the farmers with bamboo spears and decides which paths to leave open, so that the bandits enter one or two at a time. He himself fights with the bow during the battle, a reminder that, for most of samurai history, archery (kyūdō in its modern form) was as important as the sword.

The bandits, for their part, have matchlock muskets (tanegashima), which arrived in Japan with the Portuguese in 1543. In the film, firearms kill several of the defenders, including skilled swordsmen. It is a quiet message: by 1586 the world of the individual swordsman was already ending.

Battle scene in the village (Sekai Geinō Gahō magazine, May 1954).
Battle scene in the village (Sekai Geinō Gahō magazine, May 1954). Author: Unknown author · Licence: Domínio público / Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

The rain battle

The final battle, filmed in mud and heavy rain, is one of the most imitated sequences in cinema. Kurosawa used several cameras at once and long lenses, a technique that let him capture the action from different angles and edit it with great rhythm. Shooting took about a year and the budget grew far beyond what was planned, which made it one of the most expensive Japanese films of its time.

At the end, three samurai survive. Looking at the farmers singing as they plant the rice, Kambei says the film's last line: the victory belongs to the farmers, not to them. For the samurai there remains only the hill with the graves of their companions.

Influence

The film won the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1954 and became a model for countless works. In 1960 John Sturges turned it into a western, The Magnificent Seven; the structure "assembling a team for a mission" appears in war films, science fiction and animation. Many directors have acknowledged Kurosawa's influence on how they film action.

For practitioners of the sword arts, Seven Samurai remains a reference: it shows weapons used with weight and consequence, without exaggeration. If you want to understand what lies behind these images, read our articles on the katana, iaidō and the old sword schools, see kenjutsu, and look for the film in the WABUKAN Cinema.

Timeline

  1. 1586Year in which the story is set, at the end of the Sengoku period.
  2. 1953–54Shooting lasts about a year, far over the planned budget.
  3. 26/04/1954Released in Japan.
  4. 1954Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival.
  5. 1960American remake: The Magnificent Seven.

Related pages on Wabukan

kenjutsu kyudo iaido Article: the katana Article: Miyamoto Musashi Old sword schools Profile: katana WABUKAN Cinema

Sources

Original WABUKAN text, written from these cross-checked sources (facts, not sentences).

  1. Donald Richie, The Films of Akira Kurosawa, University of California Press, 3.ª ed., 1998
  2. Stephen Prince, The Warrior's Camera: The Cinema of Akira Kurosawa, Princeton University Press, 1999
  3. La Biennale di Venezia — arquivo de prémios 1954
  4. Aikido Journal — The Last Swordsman: The Yoshio Sugino Story
  5. Wikipedia (EN) — Seven Samurai

Images